NURS 6050 TEST PAPER 2025/2026 QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS MARKED A+
✔✔Which hormone increases the formation of glucose from amino acids and free fatty
acids?
Growth hormone
Epinephrine
Cortisol
Norepinephrine - ✔✔Cortisol
One of the primary effects of cortisol is the stimulation of gluconeogenesis, or the
formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources, such as amino or free fatty acids in
the liver.
✔✔Which cytokines initiate the production of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)?
TNF-ß and IL-4
IL-1 and IL-6
IL-2 and TNF-a
IFN and IL-12 - ✔✔IL-1 and IL-6
A number of stress factors initiate CRH production, including high levels of IL-1 and IL-
6.
✔✔Which statement is true about the differences between stress-induced hormonal
alterations of men and women?
Androgens appear to reduce a greater degree of immune cell apoptosis following injury,
creating greater immunosuppression in injured men than women
After injury, women produce more proinflammatory cytokines than men, a profile that is
associated with poor outcomes
After stressful stimuli, estrogen is increased in women, but testosterone is decreased in
men
Psychologic stress associated with some types of competition decreases both
testosterone and cortisol especially in athletes older than 45 years of age -
✔✔Androgens appear to reduce a greater degree of immune cell apoptosis following
injury, creating greater immunosuppression in injured men than women
Androgens appear to induce a greater degree of immune cell apoptosis following injury,
a mechanism that may elicit a greater immunosuppression in injured men versus
women.
✔✔What effect do androgens have on lymphocytes?
, Suppression of B cells and enhancement of T cells
Suppression of B cells and T cells
Enhancement of B cells and T cells
Suppression of T cells and enhancement of B cells - ✔✔Suppression of B cells and T
cells
Androgens suppress T- and B-cell responses.
✔✔ Nonpathogenic bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract produce chemicals that inhibit
colonization of pathogenic microorganisms.
True or False - ✔✔True - The normal flora also contributes to our innate protection by
producing several chemicals (e.g., ammonia, phenols, indols) that inhibit colonization by
disease-causing microorganisms.
✔✔Many of the normal bacterial flora in the intestines produce vitamin K and assist with
the absorption of calcium, iron, and magnesium.
True or False - ✔✔True - They are responsible for digesting fatty acids, large
polysaccharides, and other dietary substances, producing vitamin K, and assisting in
the absorption of various ions, such as calcium, iron, and magnesium.
✔✔Several bacteria, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, are resistant to killing by
granulocytes and can survive inside macrophages.
True or False - ✔✔True - Several bacteria are resistant to killing by granulocytes and
can even survive inside macrophages. Microorganisms such as M. tuberculosis
(tuberculosis), Mycobacterium leprae (leprosy), Salmonella typhi (typhoid fever),
Brucella abortus (brucellosis), and Listeria monocytogenes (listeriosis) can remain
dormant or even multiply inside the phagolysosomes of macrophages.
✔✔The main functions of natural killer (NK) cells are recognition and elimination of
bacteria.
True or False - ✔✔False - The main functions of NK cells are recognition and
elimination of cells infected with viruses, although they are also somewhat effective at
elimination of other abnormal host cells, specifically cancer cells.
✔✔Resolution is best defined as the restoration of original structure and physiologic
function.
True or False - ✔✔True - If damage is minor, no complications occur, and destroyed
tissues are capable of regeneration, it is possible to return injured tissues to an
approximation of their original structure and physiologic function. This restoration is
called resolution.
SOLUTIONS MARKED A+
✔✔Which hormone increases the formation of glucose from amino acids and free fatty
acids?
Growth hormone
Epinephrine
Cortisol
Norepinephrine - ✔✔Cortisol
One of the primary effects of cortisol is the stimulation of gluconeogenesis, or the
formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources, such as amino or free fatty acids in
the liver.
✔✔Which cytokines initiate the production of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)?
TNF-ß and IL-4
IL-1 and IL-6
IL-2 and TNF-a
IFN and IL-12 - ✔✔IL-1 and IL-6
A number of stress factors initiate CRH production, including high levels of IL-1 and IL-
6.
✔✔Which statement is true about the differences between stress-induced hormonal
alterations of men and women?
Androgens appear to reduce a greater degree of immune cell apoptosis following injury,
creating greater immunosuppression in injured men than women
After injury, women produce more proinflammatory cytokines than men, a profile that is
associated with poor outcomes
After stressful stimuli, estrogen is increased in women, but testosterone is decreased in
men
Psychologic stress associated with some types of competition decreases both
testosterone and cortisol especially in athletes older than 45 years of age -
✔✔Androgens appear to reduce a greater degree of immune cell apoptosis following
injury, creating greater immunosuppression in injured men than women
Androgens appear to induce a greater degree of immune cell apoptosis following injury,
a mechanism that may elicit a greater immunosuppression in injured men versus
women.
✔✔What effect do androgens have on lymphocytes?
, Suppression of B cells and enhancement of T cells
Suppression of B cells and T cells
Enhancement of B cells and T cells
Suppression of T cells and enhancement of B cells - ✔✔Suppression of B cells and T
cells
Androgens suppress T- and B-cell responses.
✔✔ Nonpathogenic bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract produce chemicals that inhibit
colonization of pathogenic microorganisms.
True or False - ✔✔True - The normal flora also contributes to our innate protection by
producing several chemicals (e.g., ammonia, phenols, indols) that inhibit colonization by
disease-causing microorganisms.
✔✔Many of the normal bacterial flora in the intestines produce vitamin K and assist with
the absorption of calcium, iron, and magnesium.
True or False - ✔✔True - They are responsible for digesting fatty acids, large
polysaccharides, and other dietary substances, producing vitamin K, and assisting in
the absorption of various ions, such as calcium, iron, and magnesium.
✔✔Several bacteria, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, are resistant to killing by
granulocytes and can survive inside macrophages.
True or False - ✔✔True - Several bacteria are resistant to killing by granulocytes and
can even survive inside macrophages. Microorganisms such as M. tuberculosis
(tuberculosis), Mycobacterium leprae (leprosy), Salmonella typhi (typhoid fever),
Brucella abortus (brucellosis), and Listeria monocytogenes (listeriosis) can remain
dormant or even multiply inside the phagolysosomes of macrophages.
✔✔The main functions of natural killer (NK) cells are recognition and elimination of
bacteria.
True or False - ✔✔False - The main functions of NK cells are recognition and
elimination of cells infected with viruses, although they are also somewhat effective at
elimination of other abnormal host cells, specifically cancer cells.
✔✔Resolution is best defined as the restoration of original structure and physiologic
function.
True or False - ✔✔True - If damage is minor, no complications occur, and destroyed
tissues are capable of regeneration, it is possible to return injured tissues to an
approximation of their original structure and physiologic function. This restoration is
called resolution.
