1
PCT FRESENIUS EXAM . QUESTIONS WITH 100%
CORRECT AND VERIFIED ANSWERS. GUARANTEED
A+.
What are the functions of a healthy kidney? - ...(ANSWERS)....REGULATE,
SYNTHESIS, ENDOCRINE:
Regulate fluid balance, blood volume, electrolytes, acid-base balance, synthesize
calcitrol (active vitamin D), secrete erythropoietin and release renin
what is the glomerular filtration rate in the five stages of kidney disease? -
...(ANSWERS)....flow rate of filtered fluid through the kidney
stage 1: 90+
stage 2:60-89
stage 3: 30-59
stage 4: 15-29
stage 5: <15
what are the types and stages of kidney failure? - ...(ANSWERS)....acute renal
failure: sudden onset, severe, usually reversible. can be caused by drug toxicity,
dehydration, or motor vehicle accident
Chronic renal failure: slow onset, progressive, permanent. can be caused by
diabetes, hypertension, or genetic disease such as glomerulonephritis or
nephrosclerosis
, 2
what are the signs and symptoms of renal failure or uremia? -
...(ANSWERS)....elevated serum levels of BUN/Creatinine, phosphorus, potassium.
anemia, nerve damage, yellow-gray appearance of skin, fluid overload, dyspnea,
edema, hypertension, proteinuria, uremia, lethargy, weakness, headache, itching,
fatigue, nausea restlessness, mental change, loss of appetite.
what is anemia and how is it treated? - ...(ANSWERS)....lack of RBC (decreased or
lack of erythropoietin production). iron binds with hemoglobin in RBC and
transports oxygen. it is treated using erythropoieting stimulating agents and
usually administered IV.
which of the functions of healthy kidneys are replaced by dialysis? -
...(ANSWERS)....removal of waste products and regulation of fluid balance. dialysis
does not regulate endocrine production
list briefly and describe three modalities of treatment for end stage renal disease -
...(ANSWERS)....Hemodialysis: uses vascular access to draw blood from patient
and send to dialyzer and into semipermeable membrane where diffusion removes
waste products and ultrafiltration removes fluid. provides approximately 15% of
the normal function of the kidney.
peritoneal dialysis: continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis and continuous
ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. both types use permanent catheter in highly
vascularized peritoneal cavity. dialysate is infused into peritoneal space and
allowed to dwell and then drained. excess fluid and waste is removed through
osmosis and diffusion
, 3
what is the difference between hemodialysis and peritoneal dialyisis? -
...(ANSWERS)....Hemo: outpatient, dialyzer is used to remove waste from blood
via diffusion and fluid is removed through ultra filtration.
peritoneal: home setting, peritoneal membrane is the semipermeable membrane
that filters waste and fluid removal occurs via osmotic pressure and concentration
gradients caused by the dextrose solution and dwell times.
when is it known that a patient has developed sensitivity to a dialyzer? -
...(ANSWERS)....seen within the first half hour of treatment. sneezing, itching, pain
at access site, chest pain, rashing, hives, fever are symptoms.
alarm conditions - ...(ANSWERS)....Blood: blood leak, air detector, venous/arterial
pressure, TMP. stops the blood pump therefor blood is not cleaned and no
ultrafiltration. potential for clotting due to stagnant blood
Dialysate: conductivity high/low, temperature. dialysate goes into bypass so no
cleaning of blood. uf continues.
what are the body fluid compartments? - ...(ANSWERS)....50-70% of body is
water. intracellular, extracellular, intravascular, interstitial.
what is diffusion - ...(ANSWERS)....movement of solutes across semipermeable
membrane from high concentration to low concentration. solutes include urea,
electrolytes, creatinine, drugs
what is osmosis? - ...(ANSWERS)....movement of fluid from lower concentration
of solutes to a higher concentration.
, 4
what is ultrafiltration? - ...(ANSWERS)....use of both negative and positive
pressure to pull excess fluid from the patient
why is water used for dialysis treated? - ...(ANSWERS)....water contains
contaminants, electrolytes, and impurities. these must be removed bc the
patients are exposed to large volumes of water during tx
what is chloramine and how is it different from chlorine -
...(ANSWERS)....combination of chlorine and ammonia
what is the diasafe filter? - ...(ANSWERS)....found on back of hemodialysis
machine that allows for the delivery of ultrapure dialysate.
what factors impact the rate of diffusion? - ...(ANSWERS)....concentration
gradient, temperature, molecular weight of solutes, nature of solution,
membrane permeability, surface area, flow geometry convection (solute drag-
irrespective of molecular size, solutes are dragged along with water across
dialyzer membrane as long as solute can fit through pore "magnetic attraction")
what happens to diffusion when dialyzer fibers clot? - ...(ANSWERS)....diffusion is
decreased. clotted fibers cause permeability of the fiber to be reduced or
eliminated.
PCT FRESENIUS EXAM . QUESTIONS WITH 100%
CORRECT AND VERIFIED ANSWERS. GUARANTEED
A+.
What are the functions of a healthy kidney? - ...(ANSWERS)....REGULATE,
SYNTHESIS, ENDOCRINE:
Regulate fluid balance, blood volume, electrolytes, acid-base balance, synthesize
calcitrol (active vitamin D), secrete erythropoietin and release renin
what is the glomerular filtration rate in the five stages of kidney disease? -
...(ANSWERS)....flow rate of filtered fluid through the kidney
stage 1: 90+
stage 2:60-89
stage 3: 30-59
stage 4: 15-29
stage 5: <15
what are the types and stages of kidney failure? - ...(ANSWERS)....acute renal
failure: sudden onset, severe, usually reversible. can be caused by drug toxicity,
dehydration, or motor vehicle accident
Chronic renal failure: slow onset, progressive, permanent. can be caused by
diabetes, hypertension, or genetic disease such as glomerulonephritis or
nephrosclerosis
, 2
what are the signs and symptoms of renal failure or uremia? -
...(ANSWERS)....elevated serum levels of BUN/Creatinine, phosphorus, potassium.
anemia, nerve damage, yellow-gray appearance of skin, fluid overload, dyspnea,
edema, hypertension, proteinuria, uremia, lethargy, weakness, headache, itching,
fatigue, nausea restlessness, mental change, loss of appetite.
what is anemia and how is it treated? - ...(ANSWERS)....lack of RBC (decreased or
lack of erythropoietin production). iron binds with hemoglobin in RBC and
transports oxygen. it is treated using erythropoieting stimulating agents and
usually administered IV.
which of the functions of healthy kidneys are replaced by dialysis? -
...(ANSWERS)....removal of waste products and regulation of fluid balance. dialysis
does not regulate endocrine production
list briefly and describe three modalities of treatment for end stage renal disease -
...(ANSWERS)....Hemodialysis: uses vascular access to draw blood from patient
and send to dialyzer and into semipermeable membrane where diffusion removes
waste products and ultrafiltration removes fluid. provides approximately 15% of
the normal function of the kidney.
peritoneal dialysis: continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis and continuous
ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. both types use permanent catheter in highly
vascularized peritoneal cavity. dialysate is infused into peritoneal space and
allowed to dwell and then drained. excess fluid and waste is removed through
osmosis and diffusion
, 3
what is the difference between hemodialysis and peritoneal dialyisis? -
...(ANSWERS)....Hemo: outpatient, dialyzer is used to remove waste from blood
via diffusion and fluid is removed through ultra filtration.
peritoneal: home setting, peritoneal membrane is the semipermeable membrane
that filters waste and fluid removal occurs via osmotic pressure and concentration
gradients caused by the dextrose solution and dwell times.
when is it known that a patient has developed sensitivity to a dialyzer? -
...(ANSWERS)....seen within the first half hour of treatment. sneezing, itching, pain
at access site, chest pain, rashing, hives, fever are symptoms.
alarm conditions - ...(ANSWERS)....Blood: blood leak, air detector, venous/arterial
pressure, TMP. stops the blood pump therefor blood is not cleaned and no
ultrafiltration. potential for clotting due to stagnant blood
Dialysate: conductivity high/low, temperature. dialysate goes into bypass so no
cleaning of blood. uf continues.
what are the body fluid compartments? - ...(ANSWERS)....50-70% of body is
water. intracellular, extracellular, intravascular, interstitial.
what is diffusion - ...(ANSWERS)....movement of solutes across semipermeable
membrane from high concentration to low concentration. solutes include urea,
electrolytes, creatinine, drugs
what is osmosis? - ...(ANSWERS)....movement of fluid from lower concentration
of solutes to a higher concentration.
, 4
what is ultrafiltration? - ...(ANSWERS)....use of both negative and positive
pressure to pull excess fluid from the patient
why is water used for dialysis treated? - ...(ANSWERS)....water contains
contaminants, electrolytes, and impurities. these must be removed bc the
patients are exposed to large volumes of water during tx
what is chloramine and how is it different from chlorine -
...(ANSWERS)....combination of chlorine and ammonia
what is the diasafe filter? - ...(ANSWERS)....found on back of hemodialysis
machine that allows for the delivery of ultrapure dialysate.
what factors impact the rate of diffusion? - ...(ANSWERS)....concentration
gradient, temperature, molecular weight of solutes, nature of solution,
membrane permeability, surface area, flow geometry convection (solute drag-
irrespective of molecular size, solutes are dragged along with water across
dialyzer membrane as long as solute can fit through pore "magnetic attraction")
what happens to diffusion when dialyzer fibers clot? - ...(ANSWERS)....diffusion is
decreased. clotted fibers cause permeability of the fiber to be reduced or
eliminated.
