BIO 112
Semester 1
September
2024
,Bio 112-Unit 1 : cells & membrane
Unit 1 1 general properties and
types of cells
.
:
cell theory
↳
of
all organisms are made up cells
↳
the cell is the smallest .
& fundamental unit of life
↳
from cells
cells come
pre-existing
3 domains of life
1 .
Bacteria-greatest biodiversity & history prokaryotes
.
2 Archaea-eukaryote's decendents
.
3
Eukarya-plants ,
animals , fungi cells eurkaryotes
Characteristics
PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES
To be cell :
↳ self
unicellular/simple
·
replicating
·
multicellular unicellular/multicellular
↳
organisms organisms live withouthost
↳ ↳
organisms : individual creature protist : unicellular
eukaryote
Canimal , plant ,
Single celled life forms
·
evolved later from prokaryotes
·
staying alive
↳
small size multicellular organism -> perform fux
↳ ↳
reproduce quickly larger
↳
Obtain from sources nucleus
energy diff /membrane surrounding
↳ nucleur
envolope
·
no nucleus
organelles -
carries out more fnxs
↳ ↳
DNA in Internal membranes
Cyto
·
chromosome > linear
-
·
chromosome -
circular
cytosol found in both
Genome + entire Set of DNA instructions found in cell
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
88
nucleus
-
000000
chloroplast
found
genome
i 00
nucleoid * Mitochondria
plasmid
genomes found
Endosymbiosis
within
Called Endosymbionts (
certain
organelles eukaryotes
↳ 2 membranes resemble prokaryotic cells
↳ inner structure =
pro cell (ie . Cyto +
mito)
↳Contain circular
genomes >
- codes for
genes "bacteria like characteristics
double membrane
·
Similar DNA sequence
circular chromosome binary fission
grow/multiply by
have ribosomes , syn proteins
,Unit 2 S
1 .
:
bacterial eukaryote cell
growth in lab
Individual cells
·
cell cycle
↳
metabolism
↳
protein
Binary Fission
synthesis
↳
replicate DNA
cells in culture >
-
starts at inoculation of fresh batch growth medium / small amount of old culture
behavior
·
cell population in Culture/media due to :
1. to environment
adjusting ↑
.
2
·
limited resources
-
4 phases
&
time
1 .
lag-cells growing but not dividing (making proteins needed to thrive) (MostDNA) & transcription /lation happens in
.
2
log-population undergoes binary fission -
constant
growth rate (mostliving cells) at least "2 the cells during
.
3 (start of due to nutrients/metabolic)
Stationary Key nutrients start depleting death log lag
stationary but
-
, ,
L
NO NET GROWTH -
&
equal dividing lag
+ DNA
dying rep only in log
4. =
death-limited nutrients , high build up of waste more dying then activly dividing
Unit 1 3 :
for biology
.
Chemistry
Interactions between molecules
-
fax of cell dependent on chem bond/interactions
covalent bonds
-
e
sharing
↳ +
partial
polar unequal permanent dipole charge
-
↳ polar
non
equal sharing of e-
-
Molec of life made of carbon skeletons decorated w/ fax
groups
ionic fax groups
glucose fatty add
carboxyl
group
hydroxyl
group
acetic acid methylamine
Electro negativity
eg .
charged/ionic non polar
Polar Covalent Non-polar
Polar
N S C
-
H = P
non-polar
↑ electro ↓ electro
charged polar
·
polar covalent form between I high I low ionic
between Similar
·
non-polar forms
, covalent
Covalent vs non-covalent interactions L
Covalently linked-shared e- ,
more permenent/strong (partial charges -
non-covertent interaction electrostatic (no sharing) weaker/less Permanent (no charge)
-
interaction ,
non-covalent
Induced dipole
↳
ions & dipoles induce in molec . Cattract/repel e- charge
dipole neighboring non-polar weak
=
permanent can
↳
non-polar molec can also induce dipole in other non-polar mole/weak charge
H-bond -
interaction of H8t and electronegative atom
Bond/interaction type
strong
> covalent
St
-
PD-PD in which atom w/ is hydrogen
>
-
-
non- ion-ion (ionic
stronger than most PD-PP
covalent
> Maintain 3-D structure of ion-PD
macromolecules
-
H-bond
Macromolecules formed covalent PD-PD
by monomers
joining by
that interact ion-ID
bonds to form polymers wh other polymers
PD-ID
by covalent interactions >
large structures
-
non
Y
weak ID-ID
Unit 1 4 :
.
intro to macromolecules
Y :
major macromolecules
1 proteins Structural support (eg catalysts
-
.
.
2 Nucleic acid-encode/transmits genetic info (eg. DNA)
carbohydrates cell leg glucose
-
.
3 energy + wall .
4 .
epids
-
energy ,
cell membrane ,
signaling (eg .
cell membrane
Eukaryotes
#
Nucleic acds (RNA) -
nucleus ,
cyto , mitochondrial matrix , plastid Stroma
↳
carbohydrates plastids cell wall
-
,
Bacteria
LID
cell
carbohydrates Cytoplasm wall
-
,
↳ to DNA
proteins-cyto , bound , cell membrane ,
outer membrane ·
Cell wall
at least bond
Organic contains C-H
-
molec one
Macro molecules are polymers
polymerization
covalent bond name
macromolecule monomer
directionality
acids bond
protein
amino peptide N + C
nucleic acids nucleotide phosphodiester bond 3 - 51
monosacchrides band 1 c >
-
4C
carbohydrates glycosidic
(simple Sugary
acds ester linkage diff
elpids fatty polymerizes
Semester 1
September
2024
,Bio 112-Unit 1 : cells & membrane
Unit 1 1 general properties and
types of cells
.
:
cell theory
↳
of
all organisms are made up cells
↳
the cell is the smallest .
& fundamental unit of life
↳
from cells
cells come
pre-existing
3 domains of life
1 .
Bacteria-greatest biodiversity & history prokaryotes
.
2 Archaea-eukaryote's decendents
.
3
Eukarya-plants ,
animals , fungi cells eurkaryotes
Characteristics
PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES
To be cell :
↳ self
unicellular/simple
·
replicating
·
multicellular unicellular/multicellular
↳
organisms organisms live withouthost
↳ ↳
organisms : individual creature protist : unicellular
eukaryote
Canimal , plant ,
Single celled life forms
·
evolved later from prokaryotes
·
staying alive
↳
small size multicellular organism -> perform fux
↳ ↳
reproduce quickly larger
↳
Obtain from sources nucleus
energy diff /membrane surrounding
↳ nucleur
envolope
·
no nucleus
organelles -
carries out more fnxs
↳ ↳
DNA in Internal membranes
Cyto
·
chromosome > linear
-
·
chromosome -
circular
cytosol found in both
Genome + entire Set of DNA instructions found in cell
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
88
nucleus
-
000000
chloroplast
found
genome
i 00
nucleoid * Mitochondria
plasmid
genomes found
Endosymbiosis
within
Called Endosymbionts (
certain
organelles eukaryotes
↳ 2 membranes resemble prokaryotic cells
↳ inner structure =
pro cell (ie . Cyto +
mito)
↳Contain circular
genomes >
- codes for
genes "bacteria like characteristics
double membrane
·
Similar DNA sequence
circular chromosome binary fission
grow/multiply by
have ribosomes , syn proteins
,Unit 2 S
1 .
:
bacterial eukaryote cell
growth in lab
Individual cells
·
cell cycle
↳
metabolism
↳
protein
Binary Fission
synthesis
↳
replicate DNA
cells in culture >
-
starts at inoculation of fresh batch growth medium / small amount of old culture
behavior
·
cell population in Culture/media due to :
1. to environment
adjusting ↑
.
2
·
limited resources
-
4 phases
&
time
1 .
lag-cells growing but not dividing (making proteins needed to thrive) (MostDNA) & transcription /lation happens in
.
2
log-population undergoes binary fission -
constant
growth rate (mostliving cells) at least "2 the cells during
.
3 (start of due to nutrients/metabolic)
Stationary Key nutrients start depleting death log lag
stationary but
-
, ,
L
NO NET GROWTH -
&
equal dividing lag
+ DNA
dying rep only in log
4. =
death-limited nutrients , high build up of waste more dying then activly dividing
Unit 1 3 :
for biology
.
Chemistry
Interactions between molecules
-
fax of cell dependent on chem bond/interactions
covalent bonds
-
e
sharing
↳ +
partial
polar unequal permanent dipole charge
-
↳ polar
non
equal sharing of e-
-
Molec of life made of carbon skeletons decorated w/ fax
groups
ionic fax groups
glucose fatty add
carboxyl
group
hydroxyl
group
acetic acid methylamine
Electro negativity
eg .
charged/ionic non polar
Polar Covalent Non-polar
Polar
N S C
-
H = P
non-polar
↑ electro ↓ electro
charged polar
·
polar covalent form between I high I low ionic
between Similar
·
non-polar forms
, covalent
Covalent vs non-covalent interactions L
Covalently linked-shared e- ,
more permenent/strong (partial charges -
non-covertent interaction electrostatic (no sharing) weaker/less Permanent (no charge)
-
interaction ,
non-covalent
Induced dipole
↳
ions & dipoles induce in molec . Cattract/repel e- charge
dipole neighboring non-polar weak
=
permanent can
↳
non-polar molec can also induce dipole in other non-polar mole/weak charge
H-bond -
interaction of H8t and electronegative atom
Bond/interaction type
strong
> covalent
St
-
PD-PD in which atom w/ is hydrogen
>
-
-
non- ion-ion (ionic
stronger than most PD-PP
covalent
> Maintain 3-D structure of ion-PD
macromolecules
-
H-bond
Macromolecules formed covalent PD-PD
by monomers
joining by
that interact ion-ID
bonds to form polymers wh other polymers
PD-ID
by covalent interactions >
large structures
-
non
Y
weak ID-ID
Unit 1 4 :
.
intro to macromolecules
Y :
major macromolecules
1 proteins Structural support (eg catalysts
-
.
.
2 Nucleic acid-encode/transmits genetic info (eg. DNA)
carbohydrates cell leg glucose
-
.
3 energy + wall .
4 .
epids
-
energy ,
cell membrane ,
signaling (eg .
cell membrane
Eukaryotes
#
Nucleic acds (RNA) -
nucleus ,
cyto , mitochondrial matrix , plastid Stroma
↳
carbohydrates plastids cell wall
-
,
Bacteria
LID
cell
carbohydrates Cytoplasm wall
-
,
↳ to DNA
proteins-cyto , bound , cell membrane ,
outer membrane ·
Cell wall
at least bond
Organic contains C-H
-
molec one
Macro molecules are polymers
polymerization
covalent bond name
macromolecule monomer
directionality
acids bond
protein
amino peptide N + C
nucleic acids nucleotide phosphodiester bond 3 - 51
monosacchrides band 1 c >
-
4C
carbohydrates glycosidic
(simple Sugary
acds ester linkage diff
elpids fatty polymerizes
