FINAL EXAM MATERIAL:
MICROBIOLOGY BIOD 171, 2025/2026
WITH CORRECT/ACCURATE ANSWERS
Immunology - CORRECT ANSWERS- the study of the body's ability
to distinguish self from. non-self and the mechanisms used to
eliminate non-self
The presence of what proteins is critical in cell-cell
communication during an immune response? - CORRECT
ANSWERS- cytokines
Cytokines exhibit pleiotropy, which means what? - CORRECT
ANSWERS- one cytokine can have different effects on different
cells
What happens when IL-4 targets B cells? - CORRECT ANSWERS-
activation, proliferation, and differentiation
What happens when IL-4 targets a thymocyte? - CORRECT
ANSWERS- proliferation
What happens when IL-4 targets a Mast cell? - CORRECT
ANSWERS- proliferation
,Cytokines exhibit redundancy, which means what? - CORRECT
ANSWERS- there is a backup
Cytokines exhibit synergy, which means what? - CORRECT
ANSWERS- 2 or more work together
Cytokines exhibit antagonism, which means what? - CORRECT
ANSWERS- 1 can block activity of another
Cytokines can induce other cytokines, which means what? -
CORRECT ANSWERS- excite other cytokines
Cytokines were originally termed what? - CORRECT ANSWERS-
lymphokines
What are other terms for cytokines? - CORRECT ANSWERS-
monokinis, interleukins
Autocrine manner of cytokine activity - CORRECT ANSWERS-
cytokines secreted and return to the same cell
Paracrine manner of cytokine activity - CORRECT ANSWERS-
secretion to neighboring cell
,Endocrine manner of cytokine activity - CORRECT ANSWERS-
secretion across further distance
What is an example of cytokines acting in an endocrine manner? -
CORRECT ANSWERS- fever
Cytokine storm - CORRECT ANSWERS- A potentially fatal immune
reaction caused by highly elevated levels of various cytokines
Cytokines must be kept in balance; otherwise they can have what
effects? - CORRECT ANSWERS- pro-inflammatory; anti-
inflammatory
What is an example of cytokines having a pro-inflammatory
response? - CORRECT ANSWERS- inflammatory bowel disease
What is an example of cytokines having an anti-inflammatory
response? - CORRECT ANSWERS- cachexia
IL-1alpha is produced by what? - CORRECT ANSWERS-
macrophages
What is the action of IL-1alpha? - CORRECT ANSWERS- T cell and
macrophage activation
, IL-2 is produced by what? - CORRECT ANSWERS- activated Th1
cells
What is the action of IL-2? - CORRECT ANSWERS- major T cell
growth factor
IL-4 is produced by what? - CORRECT ANSWERS- activated Th2
cells
What is the action of IL-4? - CORRECT ANSWERS- major B cell
growth factor
What do IL-1alpha, IL-6, and TNF-alpha have in common? -
CORRECT ANSWERS- pro-inflammatory
IL-6 is produced by what? - CORRECT ANSWERS- macrophages
and T cells
What is the action of IL-6? - CORRECT ANSWERS- T and B cell
activation
TNF-alpha is produced by what? - CORRECT ANSWERS-
macrophages
What is the action of TNF-alpha? - CORRECT ANSWERS- fever,
inflammation
MICROBIOLOGY BIOD 171, 2025/2026
WITH CORRECT/ACCURATE ANSWERS
Immunology - CORRECT ANSWERS- the study of the body's ability
to distinguish self from. non-self and the mechanisms used to
eliminate non-self
The presence of what proteins is critical in cell-cell
communication during an immune response? - CORRECT
ANSWERS- cytokines
Cytokines exhibit pleiotropy, which means what? - CORRECT
ANSWERS- one cytokine can have different effects on different
cells
What happens when IL-4 targets B cells? - CORRECT ANSWERS-
activation, proliferation, and differentiation
What happens when IL-4 targets a thymocyte? - CORRECT
ANSWERS- proliferation
What happens when IL-4 targets a Mast cell? - CORRECT
ANSWERS- proliferation
,Cytokines exhibit redundancy, which means what? - CORRECT
ANSWERS- there is a backup
Cytokines exhibit synergy, which means what? - CORRECT
ANSWERS- 2 or more work together
Cytokines exhibit antagonism, which means what? - CORRECT
ANSWERS- 1 can block activity of another
Cytokines can induce other cytokines, which means what? -
CORRECT ANSWERS- excite other cytokines
Cytokines were originally termed what? - CORRECT ANSWERS-
lymphokines
What are other terms for cytokines? - CORRECT ANSWERS-
monokinis, interleukins
Autocrine manner of cytokine activity - CORRECT ANSWERS-
cytokines secreted and return to the same cell
Paracrine manner of cytokine activity - CORRECT ANSWERS-
secretion to neighboring cell
,Endocrine manner of cytokine activity - CORRECT ANSWERS-
secretion across further distance
What is an example of cytokines acting in an endocrine manner? -
CORRECT ANSWERS- fever
Cytokine storm - CORRECT ANSWERS- A potentially fatal immune
reaction caused by highly elevated levels of various cytokines
Cytokines must be kept in balance; otherwise they can have what
effects? - CORRECT ANSWERS- pro-inflammatory; anti-
inflammatory
What is an example of cytokines having a pro-inflammatory
response? - CORRECT ANSWERS- inflammatory bowel disease
What is an example of cytokines having an anti-inflammatory
response? - CORRECT ANSWERS- cachexia
IL-1alpha is produced by what? - CORRECT ANSWERS-
macrophages
What is the action of IL-1alpha? - CORRECT ANSWERS- T cell and
macrophage activation
, IL-2 is produced by what? - CORRECT ANSWERS- activated Th1
cells
What is the action of IL-2? - CORRECT ANSWERS- major T cell
growth factor
IL-4 is produced by what? - CORRECT ANSWERS- activated Th2
cells
What is the action of IL-4? - CORRECT ANSWERS- major B cell
growth factor
What do IL-1alpha, IL-6, and TNF-alpha have in common? -
CORRECT ANSWERS- pro-inflammatory
IL-6 is produced by what? - CORRECT ANSWERS- macrophages
and T cells
What is the action of IL-6? - CORRECT ANSWERS- T and B cell
activation
TNF-alpha is produced by what? - CORRECT ANSWERS-
macrophages
What is the action of TNF-alpha? - CORRECT ANSWERS- fever,
inflammation
