TOPIC 1
ORGANIC SUBSTANCES
- Substances that contain or are mostly made of carbon and hydrogen
- Ex. methane CH4 glucose C6H12O6 propane C3H8
INORGANIC SUBSTANCES
- Substances that don’t contain carbon
- Ex. magnesium chloride MgCl2, table salt NaCl, sulfuric acid H2 SO4
- Substances such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide are considered inorganic.
MACRONUTRIENTS
- Substances we need large amounts of
- Ex. proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, etc
MICRONUTRIENTS
- Substances we need small amounts of
- Ex. vitamin A, C, iodine, etc
CARBOHYDRATES: composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Made by the process of
photosynthesis. Occurs in chloroplasts inside the plant cells.
LIPIDS: composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. oils/waxes/fat
PROTEINS: composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms. Some plants have
nitrogen fixing bacteria in/on their roots that help convert nitrogen into a form the plant can take
up.
Proteins are made by first synthesizing an amino acid as these are the building blocks of
proteins.
TOPIC 2
Chemicals can be released into environments by natural and human processes. Can change
the concentration of the substance present in the soil, have impacts on the
ecosystem/environment and the organisms that live there.
POLLUTION: When substances that cause harmful changes in the environment is accumulated
FERTILIZER
- Contains NPK. nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium. Ex. 15-30-15 means 15% n, 30% p,
15% k.
- Can cause algae blooms or unwanted excessive plant growth
- Herbicides and fungicides are used to control weeds, and pesticides and insecticides are
used to control unwanted insects.
- Some of these chemicals can end up in water sources.
SOLID WASTE: chemicals can move into the soil when it rains (leaching). When garbage is
burned/incinerated the gasses from incinerators can pollute the air.
WASTEWATER: untreated sewage that gets into water supplies can cause
bacteria/microorganisms to flourish and consume all of the oxygen in the water. It can also be
toxic to other organisms
, COMBUSTION:
- Complete combustion produces CO2, H2O, ATP
- Incomplete combustion produces CO2, H2O, ATP, and smog. Smog contains SO2 and NO
which can react with water vapor to produce acid rain.
- Cars and thermal sources combust fossil fuels to produce energy
INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES:
- electrical power generation, mineral processing, fertilizer production.
- There is natural gas processing to remove sour gas (hydrogen sulfide, H2S) which
releases sulphur dioxide into the air.
INGESTION:
- the process that animals/humans use to consume food & water
- Substances broken down mechanically by mouth and chemically by enzymes
- Hydrolysis is a process used to break down large molecules such as sugars using water.
ABSORPTION:
- The process that plants use to take in food & water
DIFFUSION: movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low
concentration. Uses no energy.
FACILITATED DIFFUSION: when a protein helps molecules that are too large to move across
the membrane. No energy.
OSMOSIS: diffusion of only water across a membrane ex, cell wall. No energy.
ACTIVE TRANSPORT: movement of molecules across a membrane from an area of low
concentration to an area of high concentration. With energy.
Bioaccumulation:
- the process of low levels of chemicals building up in the body of a living organism
- Ex. PCBs, BPA, DDT (banned chemicals)
Biomagnification
- The process of pollutants increasing in concentration as they move up the food chain.
Ex.
DDT - pesticides were used to control lice, fleas, mosquitos. DDT doesn't break down, it stores
in fat cells. DDT accumulated in insects, fish, birds. Birds developed problems with laying their
eggshells. Hence, many birds became extinct.
METHYLMERCURY - a substance known as methylmercury in aquatic food chains, substance
is produced by the action of microbes and can bioaccumulate in organisms. This can undergo
biomagnification and cause mercury poisoning in humans.
RED TIDE - type of algae in oceans can undergo rapid growth when eutrophication occurs. The
water appears red due to its presence. It produces a toxin that can accumulate in shellfish.
Which can later move up in the food chain causing illness.
ORGANIC SUBSTANCES
- Substances that contain or are mostly made of carbon and hydrogen
- Ex. methane CH4 glucose C6H12O6 propane C3H8
INORGANIC SUBSTANCES
- Substances that don’t contain carbon
- Ex. magnesium chloride MgCl2, table salt NaCl, sulfuric acid H2 SO4
- Substances such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide are considered inorganic.
MACRONUTRIENTS
- Substances we need large amounts of
- Ex. proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, etc
MICRONUTRIENTS
- Substances we need small amounts of
- Ex. vitamin A, C, iodine, etc
CARBOHYDRATES: composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Made by the process of
photosynthesis. Occurs in chloroplasts inside the plant cells.
LIPIDS: composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. oils/waxes/fat
PROTEINS: composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms. Some plants have
nitrogen fixing bacteria in/on their roots that help convert nitrogen into a form the plant can take
up.
Proteins are made by first synthesizing an amino acid as these are the building blocks of
proteins.
TOPIC 2
Chemicals can be released into environments by natural and human processes. Can change
the concentration of the substance present in the soil, have impacts on the
ecosystem/environment and the organisms that live there.
POLLUTION: When substances that cause harmful changes in the environment is accumulated
FERTILIZER
- Contains NPK. nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium. Ex. 15-30-15 means 15% n, 30% p,
15% k.
- Can cause algae blooms or unwanted excessive plant growth
- Herbicides and fungicides are used to control weeds, and pesticides and insecticides are
used to control unwanted insects.
- Some of these chemicals can end up in water sources.
SOLID WASTE: chemicals can move into the soil when it rains (leaching). When garbage is
burned/incinerated the gasses from incinerators can pollute the air.
WASTEWATER: untreated sewage that gets into water supplies can cause
bacteria/microorganisms to flourish and consume all of the oxygen in the water. It can also be
toxic to other organisms
, COMBUSTION:
- Complete combustion produces CO2, H2O, ATP
- Incomplete combustion produces CO2, H2O, ATP, and smog. Smog contains SO2 and NO
which can react with water vapor to produce acid rain.
- Cars and thermal sources combust fossil fuels to produce energy
INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES:
- electrical power generation, mineral processing, fertilizer production.
- There is natural gas processing to remove sour gas (hydrogen sulfide, H2S) which
releases sulphur dioxide into the air.
INGESTION:
- the process that animals/humans use to consume food & water
- Substances broken down mechanically by mouth and chemically by enzymes
- Hydrolysis is a process used to break down large molecules such as sugars using water.
ABSORPTION:
- The process that plants use to take in food & water
DIFFUSION: movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low
concentration. Uses no energy.
FACILITATED DIFFUSION: when a protein helps molecules that are too large to move across
the membrane. No energy.
OSMOSIS: diffusion of only water across a membrane ex, cell wall. No energy.
ACTIVE TRANSPORT: movement of molecules across a membrane from an area of low
concentration to an area of high concentration. With energy.
Bioaccumulation:
- the process of low levels of chemicals building up in the body of a living organism
- Ex. PCBs, BPA, DDT (banned chemicals)
Biomagnification
- The process of pollutants increasing in concentration as they move up the food chain.
Ex.
DDT - pesticides were used to control lice, fleas, mosquitos. DDT doesn't break down, it stores
in fat cells. DDT accumulated in insects, fish, birds. Birds developed problems with laying their
eggshells. Hence, many birds became extinct.
METHYLMERCURY - a substance known as methylmercury in aquatic food chains, substance
is produced by the action of microbes and can bioaccumulate in organisms. This can undergo
biomagnification and cause mercury poisoning in humans.
RED TIDE - type of algae in oceans can undergo rapid growth when eutrophication occurs. The
water appears red due to its presence. It produces a toxin that can accumulate in shellfish.
Which can later move up in the food chain causing illness.
