Control of Breathing
variability PUL 57. Identify the regions in the central nervous system that play important roles in the
HRV heart rate
Respiratin
· =
generation and control of cyclic breathing.
·
cyclic is controlled
breathing uli the CNs by regions , namely generated
medulla IDRG and
↳ the
oblongata
respiratory Group (DRG)= manages rhythm generation
>
·
Dorsal 4 it is used
main
pacemaler) ; Regulates inspiration expiration length
. +
ragal bloc
ventual
respirating Group - has motor neurons for inhalation / in
·
+ ↳ ARMs
exhalation ; stimulating input to DRE ; As RR and depth ; force exp . insp .
↳
During dee
4 the pons (Pontine Respirating Group/PRG) -modifies inspiration) cycle (MA
.
pneumotaxic centre -> inspiratory and expirating neurons. (modifies Tidal volume
·
PUL 61.
shas inhibitory input slowing down pacemaker :
predict t
apneurstic unter => inspirating neurons. ; stimulating , speeds up pacemater
·
.
to a COP
Effect on Breathing Receptin . stimulus Details ·
if
you g
peripheral chemoreceptors laortic +
carotia)
↓ O2 ,
↑ CO2 ,
H
+
SUSTAINED HYPIXIA b
woul
stimulate central
chemoreceptors centranical ↑ CO 2 ↑H+ ACUTE HYPOXIA-
p
1
contraction of muscle spindles in intercostal their
receptors in muscles + joint
diaphragm , stemocledom astrid
while t
Inhibit
stretch receptors in lungs overstretching of lungs
to simu
irritant receptors in
lungs pollutants , irntants leads to coughing sneezing
Coop
somatic pain (i e broken bones;
th
pain , emotions
.
1) receptors ;
c_fibers near capillaries) muscle pain) hyperphea; visceral
Both up of
=
pain (i - e tumov) =
hypopnea/apnea
higher brain centers the ↑
voluntary control)
·
(i e .
NOTE =
stea
Inspiratory Ramp signal ·
During the 5 phases of respirating cycle , the final
expiratory phase has the greatest risk of airway
·
COPD
· Spiration
occrusion. At the end of expiration there is neither
PHAEI PHAEI , due t
⑦ pressure or G pressure
nor
inspirating phasic
activation of te upper airway dilatio muscles
levels
.
Morever, there is significant narrowing
upperthe of
and
airways during expiration preceding appea ,
switch
Admi
off
-
-
lowest cross-sectional
↓
of te upper
The area
array
occurs
during expiration their
inspiration
During pirates tubotinspiration hypor
Inspiration
passive . This helps slow down expiration such
longer than inhalation
.
that expiration is
· RR =
12/min ; Zon (inspiration) 3 off(expiration)
PUL 58. Give three examples of reflexes involving pulmonary receptors that influence breathing
frequency and tidal volume. Describe the receptors and neural pathways involved.
PUL 64. D
ventilatio
Reflexes Pulmonary Receptors STIMULUS Breathing Tidal
exercise o
+ Neural Pathways Frequency volume
Centra
·
↓ ↓
Hering-Breuer
Reflex
Inflation SOLADAPTINGSTRELATION deman
ventilat
During
·
LOW LUNG al ↑
Hering Breuer STRETCH , JOR ·
while a
IRRITANT RECEPTOR VOLUME
Deflation Reflex and
PROPRIOCEPTORS po
compen
Paradoxical Reflex UNKNOWN ·
INFLATION q ↑ reflect
of Head
consum
IRRITANT RECEPTORS IRRITANT
cough/sneeze
,
↓ N STIM
BRE
↑= somati
pain Reflex J-RELEPTORS ·
PAIN · reflex inp
in joints a
↓ =
visceral
· an increa
· stimulatio
PUL 59. List the anatomical locations of chemoreceptors sensitive to changes in arterial P02, PC02, and by supram
pH that participate in the control of ventilation. Identify the relative importance of each in sensing
alterations in blood gases.
Peripheral Chemoreceptors (Carotid Bodies and Artic Bodies)
·
sensitive to CO2 , PH
·
play a crucial role in detecting alterations In blood gases+
regulating ventilation
Central Chemoreceptors (Afferents in RTN and Raphe) ·
variability PUL 57. Identify the regions in the central nervous system that play important roles in the
HRV heart rate
Respiratin
· =
generation and control of cyclic breathing.
·
cyclic is controlled
breathing uli the CNs by regions , namely generated
medulla IDRG and
↳ the
oblongata
respiratory Group (DRG)= manages rhythm generation
>
·
Dorsal 4 it is used
main
pacemaler) ; Regulates inspiration expiration length
. +
ragal bloc
ventual
respirating Group - has motor neurons for inhalation / in
·
+ ↳ ARMs
exhalation ; stimulating input to DRE ; As RR and depth ; force exp . insp .
↳
During dee
4 the pons (Pontine Respirating Group/PRG) -modifies inspiration) cycle (MA
.
pneumotaxic centre -> inspiratory and expirating neurons. (modifies Tidal volume
·
PUL 61.
shas inhibitory input slowing down pacemaker :
predict t
apneurstic unter => inspirating neurons. ; stimulating , speeds up pacemater
·
.
to a COP
Effect on Breathing Receptin . stimulus Details ·
if
you g
peripheral chemoreceptors laortic +
carotia)
↓ O2 ,
↑ CO2 ,
H
+
SUSTAINED HYPIXIA b
woul
stimulate central
chemoreceptors centranical ↑ CO 2 ↑H+ ACUTE HYPOXIA-
p
1
contraction of muscle spindles in intercostal their
receptors in muscles + joint
diaphragm , stemocledom astrid
while t
Inhibit
stretch receptors in lungs overstretching of lungs
to simu
irritant receptors in
lungs pollutants , irntants leads to coughing sneezing
Coop
somatic pain (i e broken bones;
th
pain , emotions
.
1) receptors ;
c_fibers near capillaries) muscle pain) hyperphea; visceral
Both up of
=
pain (i - e tumov) =
hypopnea/apnea
higher brain centers the ↑
voluntary control)
·
(i e .
NOTE =
stea
Inspiratory Ramp signal ·
During the 5 phases of respirating cycle , the final
expiratory phase has the greatest risk of airway
·
COPD
· Spiration
occrusion. At the end of expiration there is neither
PHAEI PHAEI , due t
⑦ pressure or G pressure
nor
inspirating phasic
activation of te upper airway dilatio muscles
levels
.
Morever, there is significant narrowing
upperthe of
and
airways during expiration preceding appea ,
switch
Admi
off
-
-
lowest cross-sectional
↓
of te upper
The area
array
occurs
during expiration their
inspiration
During pirates tubotinspiration hypor
Inspiration
passive . This helps slow down expiration such
longer than inhalation
.
that expiration is
· RR =
12/min ; Zon (inspiration) 3 off(expiration)
PUL 58. Give three examples of reflexes involving pulmonary receptors that influence breathing
frequency and tidal volume. Describe the receptors and neural pathways involved.
PUL 64. D
ventilatio
Reflexes Pulmonary Receptors STIMULUS Breathing Tidal
exercise o
+ Neural Pathways Frequency volume
Centra
·
↓ ↓
Hering-Breuer
Reflex
Inflation SOLADAPTINGSTRELATION deman
ventilat
During
·
LOW LUNG al ↑
Hering Breuer STRETCH , JOR ·
while a
IRRITANT RECEPTOR VOLUME
Deflation Reflex and
PROPRIOCEPTORS po
compen
Paradoxical Reflex UNKNOWN ·
INFLATION q ↑ reflect
of Head
consum
IRRITANT RECEPTORS IRRITANT
cough/sneeze
,
↓ N STIM
BRE
↑= somati
pain Reflex J-RELEPTORS ·
PAIN · reflex inp
in joints a
↓ =
visceral
· an increa
· stimulatio
PUL 59. List the anatomical locations of chemoreceptors sensitive to changes in arterial P02, PC02, and by supram
pH that participate in the control of ventilation. Identify the relative importance of each in sensing
alterations in blood gases.
Peripheral Chemoreceptors (Carotid Bodies and Artic Bodies)
·
sensitive to CO2 , PH
·
play a crucial role in detecting alterations In blood gases+
regulating ventilation
Central Chemoreceptors (Afferents in RTN and Raphe) ·
