HSC 4572 FINAL EXAM REVIEW GUIDE
HowactoacuseactheacDRIac(dietaryacreferenceacintakes)ac-acanswers--EER-
acestimateacofactheacenergyac(kcal)acintakeacneededactoacmatchactheacenergyacuseacofacanacaverageacpers
onacinacaacspecificaclifeacstage
RDA-
acdietaryacintakeaclevelacthatacisacsufficientactoacmeetactheacnutrientacrequirementacofacnearlyacallac(97-
98%)achealthyacindividualsacinacaacparticularaclifeacstage
AI-
acrecommendedacintakeacvalueacbasedaconacobservedacoracexperimentallyacdeterminedacapproximations
acoracestimatesacofacnutrientacintakeacbyacaacgroupacofachealthyacpeopleacthatacisacassumedactoacbeacade
quate;acusedacwithacRDAaccannotacbeacdetermined
UL-
actheachighestaclevelacofacnutrientacintakeacthatacisaclikelyactoacposeacnoacriskacofacadverseachealthaceffect
sacforacalmostacallacindividualsacinactheacgeneralacpopulationac
IfacaacnutrientacdoesacnotachaveacanacULaclisted,acwhatacdoesacthisacmean?
DV-
acusedacasacaacroughacguideacforaccomparingactheacnutrientaccontentacofacaacfoodactoacapproximateachu
manacneeds.acThisacisacbasedaconacaac2000ackcalacdiet
WhatacdoactheacNationalacHealthacandacNutritionacExaminationacSurveysac(NHANES)actellacus?ac-
acanswers--
assessactheachealthacandacnutritionalacstatusacofacadultsacandacchildrenacinactheacUnitedacStates.acTheacs
urveyacisacuniqueacinacthatacitaccombinesacinterviewsacandacphysicalacexaminations.acAaccontinuousacsurv
eyacwhichacincludesacanthropometricacmeasurements,acclinicalacmeasurementsac(likeacbloodacpressure)a
ndacfoodacfrequencyacquestionnairesactoacassessactheaccurrentachealthacofacAmericans
,Knowactheacprocessacofacdigestionacofaccarbohydrates,acfats,ac&acproteinsac-acanswers--
Theseacenzymesacincludeacproteasesactoacbreakacdownacproteins,aclipasesacthatacdigestacfatsacandacmore
acamylaseactoacfinishacsplittingaccarbohydrates.acFatsacareacbrokenacdownacintoacfattyacacidsacandacglycer
ol,acproteinsacintoacpeptidesacandacaminoacacids,acandaccarbohydratesacbecomeacsimpleacsugarsacsuchaca
sacglucoseacandacfructose
Theacdifferenceacbetweenachungeracandacappetiteac-acanswers--Hunger:acmostlyacinternal,acphysiologic
Appetite:acmostlyacexternal,acpsychological
Satiety:acnoaclongeracaacdesireactoaceat
Whatacareacgenesac-acanswers--theacblueprintsacforacyouracproteins
Differenceacbetweenacnutrientacandacenergyacdenseac-acanswers--
Nutrient:acTheacmostacnutrientsacforactheacleastaccalories
Energy:acComparingactheaccalorieaccontentacofacaacfoodacwithacitsacweight
Beacfamiliaracwithactheacdifferentacstudyacdesignsac-acanswers--Epidemiologicalacstudyac
Thisaccountry'sacfoodacsupplyachasacmoreacoliveacoilacandactheyachaveaclessacheartacdisease.
Labacstudy
Let'sacproveacthatacaacvitaminac
Cacdeficiencyacleadsactoacscurvyacinactheseacrats.ac
Caseacstudy:ac
Thisacpersonaceatsactooaclittleaciodineacandachasac
goiter
Interventionacstudy:
Let'sacaddacfoodsacwithacvitaminacCactoachisacdietacandacseeacifacheacgetsacfeweraccolds.
Understandachowactoacestimateacportionsac-acanswers--
, Knowactheacgeneralacfunctionacofacvitaminsacandacmineralsacinactheacbodyac-acanswers--
Vitaminsacandacmineralsacareacconsideredacessentialacnutrients—
becauseacactingacinacconcert,actheyacperformachundredsacofacrolesacinactheacbody.acTheyachelpacshoreacu
pacbones,achealacwounds,acandacbolsteracyouracimmuneacsystem.acTheyacalsoacconvertacfoodacintoacener
gy,acandacrepairaccellularacdamage.
Knowachowactoacconvertackgactoacpoundacandacpoundactoackgac-acanswers--1ackg=ac2.20462acpounds
Whatachormonesacareacinvolvedacinacdecreasingac&acincreasingacbloodacglucoseaclevelsacandacwhereacar
eacthey
secretedacbyactheacbodyac-acanswers--Bloodacsugaracisacrising:ac
Whatacisacsecreted?acInsulin
Fromacwhere?acPancreasac
Threeacpossibleacoutcomesacforacglucose
Storedacasacglycogenacoracfat
Oracusedacasacenergy
Bloodacsugaracisacfalling:
Whatacisacsecreted?acglucagon
Fromacwhere?acPancreasac
Whatacisacactedacon?acLiver/musclesacToacreleaseacglycogen
Understandacwhichacfoodsaccontainaccarbohydratesac-acanswers--fruits,acvegetables,acandacwholeacgrains
Identifyacallacofactheacnamesacforacglucoseac-acanswers--
Glucoseacisacusedacforacenergyacproductionacoracstorageacasacwellacasacforactheacmaintenanceacofacaacnor
malacandachealthyacbloodacglucoseaclevel.acCommonacnamesacforacglucoseacincludeacsugar,acdextrose,acst
archacandacglycogen.acGlucoseacmayacalsoacbeacreferredactoacasacitsacchemicalaccomposition.acGlucoseaci
sacformedacbyacC6acH12ac06
HowactoacuseactheacDRIac(dietaryacreferenceacintakes)ac-acanswers--EER-
acestimateacofactheacenergyac(kcal)acintakeacneededactoacmatchactheacenergyacuseacofacanacaverageacpers
onacinacaacspecificaclifeacstage
RDA-
acdietaryacintakeaclevelacthatacisacsufficientactoacmeetactheacnutrientacrequirementacofacnearlyacallac(97-
98%)achealthyacindividualsacinacaacparticularaclifeacstage
AI-
acrecommendedacintakeacvalueacbasedaconacobservedacoracexperimentallyacdeterminedacapproximations
acoracestimatesacofacnutrientacintakeacbyacaacgroupacofachealthyacpeopleacthatacisacassumedactoacbeacade
quate;acusedacwithacRDAaccannotacbeacdetermined
UL-
actheachighestaclevelacofacnutrientacintakeacthatacisaclikelyactoacposeacnoacriskacofacadverseachealthaceffect
sacforacalmostacallacindividualsacinactheacgeneralacpopulationac
IfacaacnutrientacdoesacnotachaveacanacULaclisted,acwhatacdoesacthisacmean?
DV-
acusedacasacaacroughacguideacforaccomparingactheacnutrientaccontentacofacaacfoodactoacapproximateachu
manacneeds.acThisacisacbasedaconacaac2000ackcalacdiet
WhatacdoactheacNationalacHealthacandacNutritionacExaminationacSurveysac(NHANES)actellacus?ac-
acanswers--
assessactheachealthacandacnutritionalacstatusacofacadultsacandacchildrenacinactheacUnitedacStates.acTheacs
urveyacisacuniqueacinacthatacitaccombinesacinterviewsacandacphysicalacexaminations.acAaccontinuousacsurv
eyacwhichacincludesacanthropometricacmeasurements,acclinicalacmeasurementsac(likeacbloodacpressure)a
ndacfoodacfrequencyacquestionnairesactoacassessactheaccurrentachealthacofacAmericans
,Knowactheacprocessacofacdigestionacofaccarbohydrates,acfats,ac&acproteinsac-acanswers--
Theseacenzymesacincludeacproteasesactoacbreakacdownacproteins,aclipasesacthatacdigestacfatsacandacmore
acamylaseactoacfinishacsplittingaccarbohydrates.acFatsacareacbrokenacdownacintoacfattyacacidsacandacglycer
ol,acproteinsacintoacpeptidesacandacaminoacacids,acandaccarbohydratesacbecomeacsimpleacsugarsacsuchaca
sacglucoseacandacfructose
Theacdifferenceacbetweenachungeracandacappetiteac-acanswers--Hunger:acmostlyacinternal,acphysiologic
Appetite:acmostlyacexternal,acpsychological
Satiety:acnoaclongeracaacdesireactoaceat
Whatacareacgenesac-acanswers--theacblueprintsacforacyouracproteins
Differenceacbetweenacnutrientacandacenergyacdenseac-acanswers--
Nutrient:acTheacmostacnutrientsacforactheacleastaccalories
Energy:acComparingactheaccalorieaccontentacofacaacfoodacwithacitsacweight
Beacfamiliaracwithactheacdifferentacstudyacdesignsac-acanswers--Epidemiologicalacstudyac
Thisaccountry'sacfoodacsupplyachasacmoreacoliveacoilacandactheyachaveaclessacheartacdisease.
Labacstudy
Let'sacproveacthatacaacvitaminac
Cacdeficiencyacleadsactoacscurvyacinactheseacrats.ac
Caseacstudy:ac
Thisacpersonaceatsactooaclittleaciodineacandachasac
goiter
Interventionacstudy:
Let'sacaddacfoodsacwithacvitaminacCactoachisacdietacandacseeacifacheacgetsacfeweraccolds.
Understandachowactoacestimateacportionsac-acanswers--
, Knowactheacgeneralacfunctionacofacvitaminsacandacmineralsacinactheacbodyac-acanswers--
Vitaminsacandacmineralsacareacconsideredacessentialacnutrients—
becauseacactingacinacconcert,actheyacperformachundredsacofacrolesacinactheacbody.acTheyachelpacshoreacu
pacbones,achealacwounds,acandacbolsteracyouracimmuneacsystem.acTheyacalsoacconvertacfoodacintoacener
gy,acandacrepairaccellularacdamage.
Knowachowactoacconvertackgactoacpoundacandacpoundactoackgac-acanswers--1ackg=ac2.20462acpounds
Whatachormonesacareacinvolvedacinacdecreasingac&acincreasingacbloodacglucoseaclevelsacandacwhereacar
eacthey
secretedacbyactheacbodyac-acanswers--Bloodacsugaracisacrising:ac
Whatacisacsecreted?acInsulin
Fromacwhere?acPancreasac
Threeacpossibleacoutcomesacforacglucose
Storedacasacglycogenacoracfat
Oracusedacasacenergy
Bloodacsugaracisacfalling:
Whatacisacsecreted?acglucagon
Fromacwhere?acPancreasac
Whatacisacactedacon?acLiver/musclesacToacreleaseacglycogen
Understandacwhichacfoodsaccontainaccarbohydratesac-acanswers--fruits,acvegetables,acandacwholeacgrains
Identifyacallacofactheacnamesacforacglucoseac-acanswers--
Glucoseacisacusedacforacenergyacproductionacoracstorageacasacwellacasacforactheacmaintenanceacofacaacnor
malacandachealthyacbloodacglucoseaclevel.acCommonacnamesacforacglucoseacincludeacsugar,acdextrose,acst
archacandacglycogen.acGlucoseacmayacalsoacbeacreferredactoacasacitsacchemicalaccomposition.acGlucoseaci
sacformedacbyacC6acH12ac06
