BIOL 1F25 TEST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS VERIFIED 100% CORRECT

BIOL 1F25 TEST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS VERIFIED 100% CORRECT 7 stages of Alzheimer's - ANSWER 1- no sign 2- forgetful, aware, frustrated with self, lose things, forget where put keys 3- mild cognitive decline (not able to work, stay focused), lost driving, can't remember names, can't plan/organize for future, 4- cannot perform self care, difficulty, doesn't make sense, combabulation, depressed, social withdrawal 5- cognitive decline, no ADLs, don't know phone number address, frustrated, disoriented place and time, withdrawing even more 6- mod/severe cog decline, institutional care, can't recall any major event in life (spouse), disoriented, day season year they don't know, help with all ADLs, incontinence, sleep problems, wandering, agitated, fearful, symptoms worse late in day 7- severe cognitive decline, in bed, not speaking/eating, lose swallow (asp), weight loss Alzheimer's disease symptoms - ANSWER memory loss, loss of recognition, mood swings, and trouble problem solving simple equations Alzheimer's disease - ANSWER a progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and, finally, physical functioning Formation of Neurons - ANSWER Stem cells divide to produce neurons or other stem cells Neurons and glial cells are formed by different types of stem cells Two cell types in the brain - ANSWER Nerve cells: generate electrical signals, release chemical signals Neuroglia: support/nourish neurons, remove neruotransmitters direct and indirect - ANSWER Direct: facilitates movement Indirect: inhibits movement Dopamine necessary for Stratum: - ANSWER necessary for movement, it activated the direct pathway that facilitates movement, inhibits the indirect pathway that inhibits movement Parkinson's disease - ANSWER A disorder of the central nervous system that affects movement, often including tremors. Parkinson's Diease statistics - ANSWER -10 million people across the globe live with it -14th leading cause of death in US Enzyme - ANSWER A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing types of anxiety disorders - ANSWER GAD, Social Anxiety, OCD, PTSD Anxiety Symptoms - ANSWER Nervousness, inability to relax, concern about losing control Anxiety - ANSWER can be both disorder and a symptom, defined as the anticipation of the future The Nervous System (NS) - ANSWER Senses information from the environment, imports information, analyses/stores information and generates behavioral responses Central Nervous System - ANSWER consists of the brain and spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System - ANSWER the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body 3 main functions of the nervous system - ANSWER sensory input: sensory receptors respond to stimuli, generate nerve signals that travel via PNS to CNS integration: CNS sums up inputs from all over the body motor output: travels from CNS via PNS to muscles, glands and organs Phospholipids - ANSWER Fat molecules with "heads" and "tails" Cannot pass through water, ions, sugars and amino acids Proteins - ANSWER Nutrients the body uses to build and maintain its cells and tissues cell membrane - ANSWER separates cell contents from the environment threshold - ANSWER the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse "Action Potentials" - ANSWER Non-decaying electric signal, generated from the axon Starts at the synaptic terminal, opens channel in the membrane that allows calcium to enter axon terminal examples of neurotransmitters - ANSWER Acetylcholine: excitatory to all skeletal muscles of vertebrate animals Glutamote: most common excitatory transmitter in CNS of all vertebrate Gamma Amino Butryic Acid: most common inhibitory transmitter in CNS of all animals Dopamine: excitatory or inhibitory to all different neurons in CNS Synaptic Cleft - ANSWER Gap between the synapse excitatory, inhibitory - ANSWER Excitatory: Action Potentials in presynaptic cell induce action potentials in post synaptic cell (increase heart rate) Inhibitory: Action Potentials in presynaptic cell inhibit (slow or stop) action potentials in post synaptic cell (decrease in impulse rate) Presynaptic Cells/ Post - ANSWER Pre: release neurotransmitter Post: receive neruotransmitter Otto Lewi - ANSWER -cardiac physiology