PH 335 Exam 1| QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS 100% SOLVED| LATEST UPDATE
GUARANTEED PASS
Groundwater Under the Direct Influence of Surface Water "any water beneath the surface
of the ground with substantial occurrence of insects or other macroorganisms, algae, or large-
diameter pathogens (e.g., Giardia intestinalis or Cryptosporidium), or substantial and relatively
rapid shifts in water characteristics (e.g., turbidity, temperature, conductivity, or PH) that
closely correlate with climatologic or surface water conditions."
Aquifer "A layer or section of earth or rock that contains freshwater, known as groundwater
(any water that is stored naturally underground or that flows through rock or soil, supplying
springs and wells)."
Freshwater Lakes -"Most freshwater lakes are located at high altitudes, with nearly 50% of
the world's lakes in Canada alone."
•"Many lakes, especially those in arid regions, become salty through evaporation, which
concentrates the inflowing salts." Examples of major salt lakes are the Caspian Sea, Dead Sea,
and Great Salt Lake.
Glaciers and Icecaps -"Glaciers and icecaps cover about 10% of the world's landmass."
-"These are concentrated in Greenland and Antarctica and contain ~70% of the world's
freshwater."
Hydrological (Water) Cycle -"The natural cycle by which evaporates from oceans and other
water bodies, accumulates as water vapor in clouds, and returns to oceans and other water
bodies as precipitation."
Nonrenewable Water -"Water in aquifers and other natural reservoirs that . . . [is] not
recharged by the hydrological cycle or . . . [is] recharged so slowly that significant withdrawal
for human use causes depletion. Fossil aquifers are in this category."
,Renewable Water "Freshwater that is continuously replenished by the hydrological cycle for
withdrawal within reasonable time limits, such as water in rivers, lakes, or reservoirs that fill
from precipitation or from runoff."
Reservoirs Artificial lakes, produced by constructing physical barriers across flowing rivers,
which allow the water to pool and be used for various purposes. The volume of water stored in
reservoirs worldwide is estimated at 4,286 km cubed
Runoff "water originating as precipitation on land that then runs off the land into rivers,
streams, and lakes, eventually reaching the oceans, inland seas, or aquifers, unless it
evaporates first"
water withdrawal "Removal of freshwater for human use from any natural source or
reservoir, such as a lake, river, or aquifer. If not consumed, the water may return to the
environment and can be used again."
Water Scarcity -". . . a country faces water scarcity when its annual supply of renewable
freshwater is less than 1,000 cubic meters per person."
-"Such countries can expect to experience chronic and widespread shortages of water that
hinder their development."
Water Stress -"A country faces water stress when its annual supply of renewable freshwater
is between 1,000 and 1,700 cubic meters per person."
-"Such countries can expect to experience temporary or limited water shortages."
Wetlands -"Wetlands include swamps, bogs, marshes, mires, lagoons, and floodplains."
The Earth's 10 Largest Wetlands -West Siberian Lowlands
, -Amazon River
-Hudson Bay Lowlands (in Canada)
-Pantanal (in mid-South America)
-Upper Nile River, Chari-Logone River (in Africa)
-Hudson Bay Lowlands in the South Pacific
-Congo River
-Upper Mackenzie River (in northwestern Canada)
-North America prairie potholes (wetlands made up of shallow depressions in the northern
Great Plains)
Water Availability Facts -Although the earth's surface (about 70%) is covered largely by
water, most of this water is unusable ocean water.
-Approximately 3% of all water is freshwater, of which the majority is unavailable for human
use (e.g., frozen in icecaps and glaciers).
-Remaining 1% of readily accessible water comes from surface freshwater; sources include
lakes, rivers, and shallow underground aquifers.
Regions That are Facing Water Scarcity and Water Stress -Two sections of the world that
currently have severe water shortages also are experiencing some of the highest population
growth rates in the world
1.Africa (sub-Saharan and North)
2.Near East
Treatment of Water for Residential Consumption -Water supplied to the public in the U.S.
undergoes treatment in order to meet quality standards set by the EPA for safe levels of
chemical contaminants and waterborne microorganisms
Fluoridation of Water -Some communities in the U.S. add fluoride to public drinking water in
order to prevent tooth decay
GUARANTEED PASS
Groundwater Under the Direct Influence of Surface Water "any water beneath the surface
of the ground with substantial occurrence of insects or other macroorganisms, algae, or large-
diameter pathogens (e.g., Giardia intestinalis or Cryptosporidium), or substantial and relatively
rapid shifts in water characteristics (e.g., turbidity, temperature, conductivity, or PH) that
closely correlate with climatologic or surface water conditions."
Aquifer "A layer or section of earth or rock that contains freshwater, known as groundwater
(any water that is stored naturally underground or that flows through rock or soil, supplying
springs and wells)."
Freshwater Lakes -"Most freshwater lakes are located at high altitudes, with nearly 50% of
the world's lakes in Canada alone."
•"Many lakes, especially those in arid regions, become salty through evaporation, which
concentrates the inflowing salts." Examples of major salt lakes are the Caspian Sea, Dead Sea,
and Great Salt Lake.
Glaciers and Icecaps -"Glaciers and icecaps cover about 10% of the world's landmass."
-"These are concentrated in Greenland and Antarctica and contain ~70% of the world's
freshwater."
Hydrological (Water) Cycle -"The natural cycle by which evaporates from oceans and other
water bodies, accumulates as water vapor in clouds, and returns to oceans and other water
bodies as precipitation."
Nonrenewable Water -"Water in aquifers and other natural reservoirs that . . . [is] not
recharged by the hydrological cycle or . . . [is] recharged so slowly that significant withdrawal
for human use causes depletion. Fossil aquifers are in this category."
,Renewable Water "Freshwater that is continuously replenished by the hydrological cycle for
withdrawal within reasonable time limits, such as water in rivers, lakes, or reservoirs that fill
from precipitation or from runoff."
Reservoirs Artificial lakes, produced by constructing physical barriers across flowing rivers,
which allow the water to pool and be used for various purposes. The volume of water stored in
reservoirs worldwide is estimated at 4,286 km cubed
Runoff "water originating as precipitation on land that then runs off the land into rivers,
streams, and lakes, eventually reaching the oceans, inland seas, or aquifers, unless it
evaporates first"
water withdrawal "Removal of freshwater for human use from any natural source or
reservoir, such as a lake, river, or aquifer. If not consumed, the water may return to the
environment and can be used again."
Water Scarcity -". . . a country faces water scarcity when its annual supply of renewable
freshwater is less than 1,000 cubic meters per person."
-"Such countries can expect to experience chronic and widespread shortages of water that
hinder their development."
Water Stress -"A country faces water stress when its annual supply of renewable freshwater
is between 1,000 and 1,700 cubic meters per person."
-"Such countries can expect to experience temporary or limited water shortages."
Wetlands -"Wetlands include swamps, bogs, marshes, mires, lagoons, and floodplains."
The Earth's 10 Largest Wetlands -West Siberian Lowlands
, -Amazon River
-Hudson Bay Lowlands (in Canada)
-Pantanal (in mid-South America)
-Upper Nile River, Chari-Logone River (in Africa)
-Hudson Bay Lowlands in the South Pacific
-Congo River
-Upper Mackenzie River (in northwestern Canada)
-North America prairie potholes (wetlands made up of shallow depressions in the northern
Great Plains)
Water Availability Facts -Although the earth's surface (about 70%) is covered largely by
water, most of this water is unusable ocean water.
-Approximately 3% of all water is freshwater, of which the majority is unavailable for human
use (e.g., frozen in icecaps and glaciers).
-Remaining 1% of readily accessible water comes from surface freshwater; sources include
lakes, rivers, and shallow underground aquifers.
Regions That are Facing Water Scarcity and Water Stress -Two sections of the world that
currently have severe water shortages also are experiencing some of the highest population
growth rates in the world
1.Africa (sub-Saharan and North)
2.Near East
Treatment of Water for Residential Consumption -Water supplied to the public in the U.S.
undergoes treatment in order to meet quality standards set by the EPA for safe levels of
chemical contaminants and waterborne microorganisms
Fluoridation of Water -Some communities in the U.S. add fluoride to public drinking water in
order to prevent tooth decay
