BCHM 4360 Exam 2 Chapter 8
7
transcription DNA to RNA
Nobel Prize winner for transcription Roger Kornberg
the information stored in _______ is
used to make a functional protein or RNA DNA
molecule
the information stored in DNA is used to
make a functional _____ or _____ mole- protein; RNA
cule
transcription is the copying of one strand
of _____ (the coding strand) into an DNA; RNA
_____ molecule (a transcript)
to produce a protein from an RNA mol-
ecule, the RNA sequence is read by the ribosome; translation
___________ - this process is ________
What type of RNA is made during tran-
mRNA (messenger RNA)
scription?
DNA is transcribed into RNA by RNA polymerase
RNA polymerase copies the _______
strand of DNA by using the ________ coding; complementary; template;
strand (the ________ or ___-______ non-coding
strand)
RNA polymerase separates _____
_____ and allows ribonucleoside
DNA strands; template
triphosphates to base-pair with the
__________ strand
1. Initiation
three steps of transcription 2. Elongation
3. Termination
DNA sequence preceding the gene
promoter where RNA polymerase binds to start
transcription
when RNA polymerase binds to the
when does transcription start? DNA sequence just preceding the gene,
known as the promoter
, BCHM 4360 Exam 2 Chapter 8
7
what is the first base to be transcribed the transcription start site (TSS)
transcription start site (TSS) first base to be transcribed (+1 site)
the transcription start site (TSS) is denot-
+1
ed as ____
what direction is RNA transcribed in? 5' to 3'
the template is read in what direction? 3' to 5'
On RNA, bases 3' of a site are
__________ while bases 5' of a site are downstream; upstream
_________
during initiation, RNA polymerase sep-
arates the DNA strands to make a transcription bubble
____________ ___________
the first few ribonucleoside triphos-
phates are added while the ____ RNA polymerase; promoter
___________ is at the __________
when the RNA is a sufficient size, the
RNA polymerase moves past the pro-
promoter clearance
moter and changes conformation to be
more stably associated with the DNA
after promoter clearance, in elonga-
tion, the RNA polymerase moves along
ribonucleotides; RNA
DNA, adding _______ and elongating
the _____ transcript
RNA polymerase _______ the DNA
ahead of it, and the DNA _____
unwinds; repairs; replication bubble
behind the enzyme, maintaining the
____________ ______ along the DNA
in the replication bubble, a short region
of the transcript is paired with the _____;
DNA; extruded
the rest of the RNA is _________ from
the polymerase
elongation continues until the poly-
merase meets a DNA sequence called a terminator
_________
, BCHM 4360 Exam 2 Chapter 8
7
terminator signals RNA synthesis to cease
after the terminator is reached and RNA
synthesis ceases, the RNA polymerase dissociates
________ from the DNA
1. RNA polymerase binds to the promot-
er
2. RNA polymerase separates the DNA
strands to make a transcription bubble
3. A few ribonucleoside triphosphates
overview of steps of transcription are added
4. Promoter clearance
5. Elongation
6. Terminator reached
7. RNA polymerase dissociates from the
DNA
transcription is heavily ______ to pro-
duce only the required RNA at the right regulated
times
_____________ DNA presents a chal-
chromatin-packaged
lenge to transcription
_________ prevent transcription ma-
nucleosomes
chinery from binding to DNA
1. nucleosome remodeling enzymes
three additional enzymes required in eu- 2. histone chaperones
karyotic transcription 3. enzymes that reversibly modify histone
proteins
reposition histones away from the DNA
function of nucleosome remodeling en-
to be transcribed (can also work to block
zymes
transcription)
disassemble and reassemble the histone
function of histone chaperones
octamer
modify chromatin structures and help to
function of enzymes that reversibly mod-
recruit specific proteins to certain DNA
ify histone proteins
regions
enzymes
7
transcription DNA to RNA
Nobel Prize winner for transcription Roger Kornberg
the information stored in _______ is
used to make a functional protein or RNA DNA
molecule
the information stored in DNA is used to
make a functional _____ or _____ mole- protein; RNA
cule
transcription is the copying of one strand
of _____ (the coding strand) into an DNA; RNA
_____ molecule (a transcript)
to produce a protein from an RNA mol-
ecule, the RNA sequence is read by the ribosome; translation
___________ - this process is ________
What type of RNA is made during tran-
mRNA (messenger RNA)
scription?
DNA is transcribed into RNA by RNA polymerase
RNA polymerase copies the _______
strand of DNA by using the ________ coding; complementary; template;
strand (the ________ or ___-______ non-coding
strand)
RNA polymerase separates _____
_____ and allows ribonucleoside
DNA strands; template
triphosphates to base-pair with the
__________ strand
1. Initiation
three steps of transcription 2. Elongation
3. Termination
DNA sequence preceding the gene
promoter where RNA polymerase binds to start
transcription
when RNA polymerase binds to the
when does transcription start? DNA sequence just preceding the gene,
known as the promoter
, BCHM 4360 Exam 2 Chapter 8
7
what is the first base to be transcribed the transcription start site (TSS)
transcription start site (TSS) first base to be transcribed (+1 site)
the transcription start site (TSS) is denot-
+1
ed as ____
what direction is RNA transcribed in? 5' to 3'
the template is read in what direction? 3' to 5'
On RNA, bases 3' of a site are
__________ while bases 5' of a site are downstream; upstream
_________
during initiation, RNA polymerase sep-
arates the DNA strands to make a transcription bubble
____________ ___________
the first few ribonucleoside triphos-
phates are added while the ____ RNA polymerase; promoter
___________ is at the __________
when the RNA is a sufficient size, the
RNA polymerase moves past the pro-
promoter clearance
moter and changes conformation to be
more stably associated with the DNA
after promoter clearance, in elonga-
tion, the RNA polymerase moves along
ribonucleotides; RNA
DNA, adding _______ and elongating
the _____ transcript
RNA polymerase _______ the DNA
ahead of it, and the DNA _____
unwinds; repairs; replication bubble
behind the enzyme, maintaining the
____________ ______ along the DNA
in the replication bubble, a short region
of the transcript is paired with the _____;
DNA; extruded
the rest of the RNA is _________ from
the polymerase
elongation continues until the poly-
merase meets a DNA sequence called a terminator
_________
, BCHM 4360 Exam 2 Chapter 8
7
terminator signals RNA synthesis to cease
after the terminator is reached and RNA
synthesis ceases, the RNA polymerase dissociates
________ from the DNA
1. RNA polymerase binds to the promot-
er
2. RNA polymerase separates the DNA
strands to make a transcription bubble
3. A few ribonucleoside triphosphates
overview of steps of transcription are added
4. Promoter clearance
5. Elongation
6. Terminator reached
7. RNA polymerase dissociates from the
DNA
transcription is heavily ______ to pro-
duce only the required RNA at the right regulated
times
_____________ DNA presents a chal-
chromatin-packaged
lenge to transcription
_________ prevent transcription ma-
nucleosomes
chinery from binding to DNA
1. nucleosome remodeling enzymes
three additional enzymes required in eu- 2. histone chaperones
karyotic transcription 3. enzymes that reversibly modify histone
proteins
reposition histones away from the DNA
function of nucleosome remodeling en-
to be transcribed (can also work to block
zymes
transcription)
disassemble and reassemble the histone
function of histone chaperones
octamer
modify chromatin structures and help to
function of enzymes that reversibly mod-
recruit specific proteins to certain DNA
ify histone proteins
regions
enzymes
