COMD 5070 Final Exam - Questions With
Insightful Solutions
Two types of coarticulation Correct Answer - anticipatory
retentive
Anticipatory (forward) coarticulation Correct Answer - earlier
sounds are influenced by a later sound .
ex: spoon which causes /s/ to lip round.
Retentive (backward) coarticulation Correct Answer - later
sounds are influenced by an earlier one.
ex: no causes /o/ to be nasalized.
Acoustic parameters that may change when a word is stressed:
Correct Answer - fundamental frequency
intensity
duration
relaxed vs clear speech Correct Answer - We adjust how much
articulatory effort we use, depending on the circumstances. When
you're in a circumstance with minimal noise, you may be able to
minimize your energy expenditure by speaking casually. However, if
you're talking to someone with a hearing impairment or are in a
noisy environment and need to be understood, you tend to adjust
the effort level upward and articulate with much greater force and
effort.
hyper- and hypo-articulate speech are different, and clear speech
involves longer segment durations as a result of trying to be really
clear, whereas more casual speech involves articulatory undershoot.
,In conclusion, relaxed speech involves articulatory undershoot and
clear speech involves longer segment durations and released stops
due to emphasis and trying to be clear when speaking.
Hypernasality (how do perceptual severity relates to physiology)
Correct Answer - Perceptual severities of nasalization relate to
physiology, because it is disordered because it can be a result of
linked nasal and oral cavity. The nasal cavity tends to have a
damping effect and can influence the clarity of a vowel that's being
produced. This is because the nasal cavity acts as an anti resonance,
which damps the other formants.
Nasal air Flow (during which sound would it be high or low)
Correct Answer - low for vowels
near zero for pressure consonants. If there is flow during
consonants this could indicate leakage.
Measuring nasalance (what instrument quantifies this) Correct
Answer - nasometer
It relies on acoustic nasometry but may include aerodynamic
measures as well. Looks at nasal airflow over time. It comes with a
software which will allow for quantifying measures of nasalance.
Example: OroNasal Mask System from a company called Glottal
Enterprises.
Acoustic Nasometry (how does it work conceptually) Correct
Answer - you have two microphones. One is set above the
divider plate, and one below. This divider plate is set on the front of
the person's face so it sits above the person's upper lip and below
the nose. So one of the microphones picks up energy that comes
below the mouth, and the other picks up energy that comes from the
nose. The relative proportions of the energy from these two
, microphones can be represented as nasalance. This is useful in
clinical assessments because you can determine if a person falls
within normal limits for nasalance for a given utterance. It can also
be used to provide feedback during therapy so the person can see
how they're managing the oral nasal balance of speech production.
EMG Correct Answer - used to study electrical activity in
muscles.
What innervates muscles? Correct Answer - motor neurons
What does a motor neuron consist of? Correct Answer - motor
neuron
few or many muscle fibers
What causes contraction of muscles? Correct Answer -
electrical stimulation
Surface Electrodes Correct Answer - measure larger muscles.
Less invasive due to many muscle fibers firing at the same time.
Must have signal amplified to boost signal.
Intramuscular Electrodes Correct Answer - measures fine
detail, but requires you poking the electrode into the belly of the
muscle so you can measure the electrical activity inside it.
Where does the signal come from? (EMG) Correct Answer -
signals originate from CNS and may reveal details of neural control.
Muscle contraction follows neural stimulation. Brain sends impulse
down axon to muscle fiber, causes to contract when stimulated.
Electrical activity measured during contracting & measured with
EMG reflects activity of muscle. Electrical impulses generated in
muscles when contract really very small, so important to have very
Insightful Solutions
Two types of coarticulation Correct Answer - anticipatory
retentive
Anticipatory (forward) coarticulation Correct Answer - earlier
sounds are influenced by a later sound .
ex: spoon which causes /s/ to lip round.
Retentive (backward) coarticulation Correct Answer - later
sounds are influenced by an earlier one.
ex: no causes /o/ to be nasalized.
Acoustic parameters that may change when a word is stressed:
Correct Answer - fundamental frequency
intensity
duration
relaxed vs clear speech Correct Answer - We adjust how much
articulatory effort we use, depending on the circumstances. When
you're in a circumstance with minimal noise, you may be able to
minimize your energy expenditure by speaking casually. However, if
you're talking to someone with a hearing impairment or are in a
noisy environment and need to be understood, you tend to adjust
the effort level upward and articulate with much greater force and
effort.
hyper- and hypo-articulate speech are different, and clear speech
involves longer segment durations as a result of trying to be really
clear, whereas more casual speech involves articulatory undershoot.
,In conclusion, relaxed speech involves articulatory undershoot and
clear speech involves longer segment durations and released stops
due to emphasis and trying to be clear when speaking.
Hypernasality (how do perceptual severity relates to physiology)
Correct Answer - Perceptual severities of nasalization relate to
physiology, because it is disordered because it can be a result of
linked nasal and oral cavity. The nasal cavity tends to have a
damping effect and can influence the clarity of a vowel that's being
produced. This is because the nasal cavity acts as an anti resonance,
which damps the other formants.
Nasal air Flow (during which sound would it be high or low)
Correct Answer - low for vowels
near zero for pressure consonants. If there is flow during
consonants this could indicate leakage.
Measuring nasalance (what instrument quantifies this) Correct
Answer - nasometer
It relies on acoustic nasometry but may include aerodynamic
measures as well. Looks at nasal airflow over time. It comes with a
software which will allow for quantifying measures of nasalance.
Example: OroNasal Mask System from a company called Glottal
Enterprises.
Acoustic Nasometry (how does it work conceptually) Correct
Answer - you have two microphones. One is set above the
divider plate, and one below. This divider plate is set on the front of
the person's face so it sits above the person's upper lip and below
the nose. So one of the microphones picks up energy that comes
below the mouth, and the other picks up energy that comes from the
nose. The relative proportions of the energy from these two
, microphones can be represented as nasalance. This is useful in
clinical assessments because you can determine if a person falls
within normal limits for nasalance for a given utterance. It can also
be used to provide feedback during therapy so the person can see
how they're managing the oral nasal balance of speech production.
EMG Correct Answer - used to study electrical activity in
muscles.
What innervates muscles? Correct Answer - motor neurons
What does a motor neuron consist of? Correct Answer - motor
neuron
few or many muscle fibers
What causes contraction of muscles? Correct Answer -
electrical stimulation
Surface Electrodes Correct Answer - measure larger muscles.
Less invasive due to many muscle fibers firing at the same time.
Must have signal amplified to boost signal.
Intramuscular Electrodes Correct Answer - measures fine
detail, but requires you poking the electrode into the belly of the
muscle so you can measure the electrical activity inside it.
Where does the signal come from? (EMG) Correct Answer -
signals originate from CNS and may reveal details of neural control.
Muscle contraction follows neural stimulation. Brain sends impulse
down axon to muscle fiber, causes to contract when stimulated.
Electrical activity measured during contracting & measured with
EMG reflects activity of muscle. Electrical impulses generated in
muscles when contract really very small, so important to have very
