PROSTHETICS EXAM WITH QUESTIONS AND CO
RRECT ANSWERS LATEST VERSION 2025-2026.
Symptoms of PVD (7) - ✔✔-Intermittent claudication
-Decreased pedal pulses
-Dry skin and hair loss
-Clubbing toe-nails
-Ischemia
-Ulceration
-Pain relieved with standing
_________________ is the leading cause of occlusive arterial disease of the lower extremities.
This is also a leading cause of death and disability in the developed world. The term is derived
from the Greek ________, which refers to the thickening of the arterial intima and ______, the
accumulation of lipid that characterizes the typical lesion (Latin, literally meaning porridge). These
lesions affect _______ and _______-sized arteries. Despite the familiarity of this disease,
some of its fundamental characteristics remain poorly recognized and understood.
- ✔✔Atherosclerosis; sclerosis; athero; large and medium
Pathophysiology of PVD:
________ ___________ is an early event in atherogenesis and it occurs when influx and
deposition of cholesterol into the arterial wall exceed efflux. Development of an
atherosclerotic lesion can be divided into 3 stages in which the following form:
1)______________
2)______________
3)______________ - ✔✔lipid deposition;
1) fatty streak;
2) fibrous plaque;
3) complicated lesion
,The ______________ stage involves the formation of lipid-filled smooth muscle cells in the
tunica intima, and it is believed to be reversible. No obstruction is present in the affected
vessel. - ✔✔fatty-streak
During the second stage of ________ __________ _________, lipid-laden smooth muscle cells
are surrounded by collagen, elastic fibers, and mucoprotein matrix. The lesion can protrude
into the lumen of the artery and cause obstruction. This lesion occurs at the level of the
tunica intima, and it may also involve the muscular tunica media. Frequently, the lesion is
located at arterial bifurcations. - ✔✔fibrous plaque formation
In the third stage, a __________ _________ ensues when fibrous plaques are altered over time
by hemorrhage, calcification, and mural thrombus. The intimal surface may become
ulcerated as the lipid-laden plaque enlarges and hardens, and this can lead to embolism. This
lesion is often a cause of vessel obstruction. - ✔✔complicated lesion
Epidemiology of PVD:
In the US: Based on ankle-brachial blood-pressure ratios, the prevalence of lower-extremity
peripheral arterial disease (LEPAD) is approximately ____% in people younger than 60 years.
The prevalence increases to _____% in people older than 70 years. - ✔✔3%; 20%
The mortality associated with PVD results from associated cardiovascular and cerebrovascular
pathology. The mortality rate in patients with LEPAD is ____ times higher than that of age-
matched control subjects, and it is almost exclusively the result of death due to myocardial
infarction and stroke. The 10-year survival rate decreases from _____% to _____% in healthy
individuals (average age, 66 y) compared with patients with symptoms of LEPAD. -
✔✔6; 80% to 55%
Morbidity in PVD is usually the limitation of physical activities because of _____ (claudication),
_______, or ________. The most frequent complications include unhealed ulcer, gangrene, and
eventual amputation. - ✔✔pain; ulceration; amputation
-Race: No racial predilection exists for the development of LEPAD.
, -Sex: Males and females have an _______ risk of LEPAD; however, atherosclerosis of the lower
extremities is seen most frequently in elderly _____.
-Age: The highest incidence occurs in those aged ____-____ years. - ✔✔equal; men;
50-70
Although the most common site of occlusion is the distal superficial _________ _________ (at
the level of the adductor canal), more than 1 location usually is involved at the same time. The
________ artery alone is less likely to be involved. The ________ _________ artery is involved
primarily in patients with diabetes. - ✔✔femoral artery; popliteal; anterior tibial
The most common presenting symptom in patients with peripheral vascular disease is
__________ ____________. The patient complains of pain, cramping, or muscle fatigue, which
occurs during exercise and is relieved by rest. The site of claudication is _______ to the location
of the narrowed (stenotic) vessel. With progression of the disease, _______ pain develops. At
this stage, patients complain of pain or numbness of the foot, which frequently occurs at night
while the foot is not in a __________ position. Symptoms improve when the foot is placed in a
dependent position. With more severe disease, resting pain may be present continuously.
- ✔✔Intermittent claudication; distal; resting; dependent
Signs of peripheral vascular disease encountered on physical examination include the following:
__________ or _________ distal pulses; ______ over a tightly narrowed artery; hair ______;
_________ nails; ________ skin; a ___________ appearance; pallor on _________; rubor on
__________; and, in advanced disease, ______ and ________. - ✔✔decreased or absent;
bruit;
loss;
thickened;
shiny;
skeletonized;
elevation;
dependency;
ulcers and gangrene
RRECT ANSWERS LATEST VERSION 2025-2026.
Symptoms of PVD (7) - ✔✔-Intermittent claudication
-Decreased pedal pulses
-Dry skin and hair loss
-Clubbing toe-nails
-Ischemia
-Ulceration
-Pain relieved with standing
_________________ is the leading cause of occlusive arterial disease of the lower extremities.
This is also a leading cause of death and disability in the developed world. The term is derived
from the Greek ________, which refers to the thickening of the arterial intima and ______, the
accumulation of lipid that characterizes the typical lesion (Latin, literally meaning porridge). These
lesions affect _______ and _______-sized arteries. Despite the familiarity of this disease,
some of its fundamental characteristics remain poorly recognized and understood.
- ✔✔Atherosclerosis; sclerosis; athero; large and medium
Pathophysiology of PVD:
________ ___________ is an early event in atherogenesis and it occurs when influx and
deposition of cholesterol into the arterial wall exceed efflux. Development of an
atherosclerotic lesion can be divided into 3 stages in which the following form:
1)______________
2)______________
3)______________ - ✔✔lipid deposition;
1) fatty streak;
2) fibrous plaque;
3) complicated lesion
,The ______________ stage involves the formation of lipid-filled smooth muscle cells in the
tunica intima, and it is believed to be reversible. No obstruction is present in the affected
vessel. - ✔✔fatty-streak
During the second stage of ________ __________ _________, lipid-laden smooth muscle cells
are surrounded by collagen, elastic fibers, and mucoprotein matrix. The lesion can protrude
into the lumen of the artery and cause obstruction. This lesion occurs at the level of the
tunica intima, and it may also involve the muscular tunica media. Frequently, the lesion is
located at arterial bifurcations. - ✔✔fibrous plaque formation
In the third stage, a __________ _________ ensues when fibrous plaques are altered over time
by hemorrhage, calcification, and mural thrombus. The intimal surface may become
ulcerated as the lipid-laden plaque enlarges and hardens, and this can lead to embolism. This
lesion is often a cause of vessel obstruction. - ✔✔complicated lesion
Epidemiology of PVD:
In the US: Based on ankle-brachial blood-pressure ratios, the prevalence of lower-extremity
peripheral arterial disease (LEPAD) is approximately ____% in people younger than 60 years.
The prevalence increases to _____% in people older than 70 years. - ✔✔3%; 20%
The mortality associated with PVD results from associated cardiovascular and cerebrovascular
pathology. The mortality rate in patients with LEPAD is ____ times higher than that of age-
matched control subjects, and it is almost exclusively the result of death due to myocardial
infarction and stroke. The 10-year survival rate decreases from _____% to _____% in healthy
individuals (average age, 66 y) compared with patients with symptoms of LEPAD. -
✔✔6; 80% to 55%
Morbidity in PVD is usually the limitation of physical activities because of _____ (claudication),
_______, or ________. The most frequent complications include unhealed ulcer, gangrene, and
eventual amputation. - ✔✔pain; ulceration; amputation
-Race: No racial predilection exists for the development of LEPAD.
, -Sex: Males and females have an _______ risk of LEPAD; however, atherosclerosis of the lower
extremities is seen most frequently in elderly _____.
-Age: The highest incidence occurs in those aged ____-____ years. - ✔✔equal; men;
50-70
Although the most common site of occlusion is the distal superficial _________ _________ (at
the level of the adductor canal), more than 1 location usually is involved at the same time. The
________ artery alone is less likely to be involved. The ________ _________ artery is involved
primarily in patients with diabetes. - ✔✔femoral artery; popliteal; anterior tibial
The most common presenting symptom in patients with peripheral vascular disease is
__________ ____________. The patient complains of pain, cramping, or muscle fatigue, which
occurs during exercise and is relieved by rest. The site of claudication is _______ to the location
of the narrowed (stenotic) vessel. With progression of the disease, _______ pain develops. At
this stage, patients complain of pain or numbness of the foot, which frequently occurs at night
while the foot is not in a __________ position. Symptoms improve when the foot is placed in a
dependent position. With more severe disease, resting pain may be present continuously.
- ✔✔Intermittent claudication; distal; resting; dependent
Signs of peripheral vascular disease encountered on physical examination include the following:
__________ or _________ distal pulses; ______ over a tightly narrowed artery; hair ______;
_________ nails; ________ skin; a ___________ appearance; pallor on _________; rubor on
__________; and, in advanced disease, ______ and ________. - ✔✔decreased or absent;
bruit;
loss;
thickened;
shiny;
skeletonized;
elevation;
dependency;
ulcers and gangrene
