NURS 3345 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS 2025/2026
renal tubulopathy pathophysiology - ANSWER SALT-LOSING: hypokalemia +
hypochloremia
SLT AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE DISORDERS: Bartter (hyperaldosteronism) + Gitelman
(hypokalemia, hypomagnesmia, hypercalciuria)
renal tubulopathy clinical manifestations - ANSWER - METABOLIC ALKALOSIS
- irregular heartbeat
- extreme weight change
- increased fetal urine output (if pregnant)
- hypercalciuria (Gitelman)
renal tubulopathy diagnostic criteria - ANSWER - renal ultrasound
- urine-specific gravity
- NORMAL anion gap
renal tubulopathy treatments - ANSWER - sodium + potassium to combat hypokalemia
- indomethacin to combat prostaglandin production
- calcium to combat hypocalcemia
- magnesium supplements to combat hypomagnesemia
parenteral nutrition main association - ANSWER metabolic acidosis
parenteral nutrition pathophysiology - ANSWER supplemental nutrition that doesn't
require the body to eat and digest
- total/TPN = all nutrition provided thru IV
- peripheral/PPN = partial nutrition provided thru IV (nutrition also derived from other
sources)
parenteral nutrition clinical manifestations - ANSWER - vasodilation
- flushed skin
- seizures (EXTREME)
,- cardiac dysrhythmia (EXTREME)
parenteral nutrition diagnostic criteria - ANSWER - decreased HCO3 lvls
- decreased CO2 lvls
- low pH
parenteral nutrition treatments - ANSWER - increase HCO3 + CO2
- DRINK WATER
- adjust IV formula
respiratory acidosis main association - ANSWER failure of ventilation
respiratory acidosis pathophysiology - ANSWER - increase CO2
- decrease HCO3
- usually seen in COPD + surgical patients
respiratory acidosis clinical manifestations - ANSWER - blurred vision
- CYANOSIS
- dyspnea/shortness of breath
- heart failure
respiratory acidosis diagnostic criteria - ANSWER - chest x-ray
- urine test
respiratory acidosis treatments - ANSWER - O2 therapy
- mechanical ventilation
- corticosteroids to reduce immune system activity
- stop smoking
respiratory alkalosis pathophysiology - ANSWER - caused by hyperventilation
- causes COPD, opiate abuse/overdose, obesity, brain injury
- decrease CO2 + HCO3
respiratory alkalosis clinical manifestations - ANSWER - syncope
- tachypnea
- muscle tremors
, - tingling
- arrhythmias
respiratory alkalosis diagnostic criteria - ANSWER - chest x-ray
- urine test
respiratory alkalosis treatments - ANSWER PRIORITIZE TREATING UNDERLYING
CAUSE
- stop meds causing respiratory alkalosis
metabolic acidosis pathophysiology - ANSWER - ammonium/NH4+ secreted to combat
acidosis
- HIGH ANION GAP
metabolic acidosis risk factors - ANSWER - more nonvolatile acids
- losing more HCO3
- gaining more Cl-
metabolic acidosis clinical manifestations - ANSWER - low serum/blood HCO3 lvls
- fruity-smelling breath (diabetic ketoacidosis)
- hyperpnea
- vasodilation
metabolic acidosis diagnostic criteria - ANSWER - HIGH ANION GAP
- blood sugar meters to check for ketones (diabetic ketoacidosis)
metabolic acidosis treatments - ANSWER - detox (drugs or alcohol)
- insulin (diabetic ketoacidosis)
- IV sodium bicarbonate
- checking electrolytes isn't really a concern here
metabolic alkalosis pathophysiology - ANSWER urine chloride is <20mEq/L
metabolic alkalosis clinical manifestations - ANSWER - hypovolemia
- hypokalemia
ANSWERS 2025/2026
renal tubulopathy pathophysiology - ANSWER SALT-LOSING: hypokalemia +
hypochloremia
SLT AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE DISORDERS: Bartter (hyperaldosteronism) + Gitelman
(hypokalemia, hypomagnesmia, hypercalciuria)
renal tubulopathy clinical manifestations - ANSWER - METABOLIC ALKALOSIS
- irregular heartbeat
- extreme weight change
- increased fetal urine output (if pregnant)
- hypercalciuria (Gitelman)
renal tubulopathy diagnostic criteria - ANSWER - renal ultrasound
- urine-specific gravity
- NORMAL anion gap
renal tubulopathy treatments - ANSWER - sodium + potassium to combat hypokalemia
- indomethacin to combat prostaglandin production
- calcium to combat hypocalcemia
- magnesium supplements to combat hypomagnesemia
parenteral nutrition main association - ANSWER metabolic acidosis
parenteral nutrition pathophysiology - ANSWER supplemental nutrition that doesn't
require the body to eat and digest
- total/TPN = all nutrition provided thru IV
- peripheral/PPN = partial nutrition provided thru IV (nutrition also derived from other
sources)
parenteral nutrition clinical manifestations - ANSWER - vasodilation
- flushed skin
- seizures (EXTREME)
,- cardiac dysrhythmia (EXTREME)
parenteral nutrition diagnostic criteria - ANSWER - decreased HCO3 lvls
- decreased CO2 lvls
- low pH
parenteral nutrition treatments - ANSWER - increase HCO3 + CO2
- DRINK WATER
- adjust IV formula
respiratory acidosis main association - ANSWER failure of ventilation
respiratory acidosis pathophysiology - ANSWER - increase CO2
- decrease HCO3
- usually seen in COPD + surgical patients
respiratory acidosis clinical manifestations - ANSWER - blurred vision
- CYANOSIS
- dyspnea/shortness of breath
- heart failure
respiratory acidosis diagnostic criteria - ANSWER - chest x-ray
- urine test
respiratory acidosis treatments - ANSWER - O2 therapy
- mechanical ventilation
- corticosteroids to reduce immune system activity
- stop smoking
respiratory alkalosis pathophysiology - ANSWER - caused by hyperventilation
- causes COPD, opiate abuse/overdose, obesity, brain injury
- decrease CO2 + HCO3
respiratory alkalosis clinical manifestations - ANSWER - syncope
- tachypnea
- muscle tremors
, - tingling
- arrhythmias
respiratory alkalosis diagnostic criteria - ANSWER - chest x-ray
- urine test
respiratory alkalosis treatments - ANSWER PRIORITIZE TREATING UNDERLYING
CAUSE
- stop meds causing respiratory alkalosis
metabolic acidosis pathophysiology - ANSWER - ammonium/NH4+ secreted to combat
acidosis
- HIGH ANION GAP
metabolic acidosis risk factors - ANSWER - more nonvolatile acids
- losing more HCO3
- gaining more Cl-
metabolic acidosis clinical manifestations - ANSWER - low serum/blood HCO3 lvls
- fruity-smelling breath (diabetic ketoacidosis)
- hyperpnea
- vasodilation
metabolic acidosis diagnostic criteria - ANSWER - HIGH ANION GAP
- blood sugar meters to check for ketones (diabetic ketoacidosis)
metabolic acidosis treatments - ANSWER - detox (drugs or alcohol)
- insulin (diabetic ketoacidosis)
- IV sodium bicarbonate
- checking electrolytes isn't really a concern here
metabolic alkalosis pathophysiology - ANSWER urine chloride is <20mEq/L
metabolic alkalosis clinical manifestations - ANSWER - hypovolemia
- hypokalemia
