CETP PREP Final Assessment Questions 2025 | Full
Verified Guide | A+ Rated
Passive forces of breathing - ELASTIC RECOIL OF MUSCLES: Natural recoil of cartilage,
muscles, ligaments, lung tissue
VACUUM BETWEEN LUNGS AND INNER SURFACE OF RIBS; diaphragm relaxes, it moves up into
chest allowing air to rush out
GRAVITY: The pull of gravity
AIR PRESSURE: pressure differential-- we want balanced pressure so if the lungs > pressure than
outside air, leads to exhalation
SURFACE TENSION OF ALVEOLI: wants to collapse into itself- lubrication (surfactant) keeps them
from fully collapsing
Functional priority of the larynx - lets air in and out, protects airway from food
Muscles of inspiration - diaphragm, external intercostals (pulls ribs out/up)
Muscles of expiration - internal intercostals, oblique and transverse abdominal muscles
(pulls ribs down/in)
Breathing at rest vs maximum inspiration/expiration - passive forces= at rest
maximum inspiration/expiration= requires active use of muscles
Active forces of breathing - Muscle contraction
Alveolar pressure needed to generate voicing
(normal conversation) - +8cmH2O needed to produce speech sounds
(positive value --> we are always exhaling during speech)
vital capacity - maximum amount of air you can exhale
tidal volume - Regular breathing / exhalation
Expiratory reserve volume - Most amount of air you can exhale after a regular breath
(Requires use of muscles)
Breathing for speech vs for life - Tidal breathing: inspiration/expiration regular and steady
wave; don't go into reserve
,Sustained tone: gradually decline (may go into reserve) e.g.,singing
Speech: ispiration/expiration at different patterns, wave declines that then result in inspiration,
may dip into reserve (long utterances); use muscles of expiration to control air flow
Components of chest wall - Rib cage, diaphragm [floor of the thorax], abdominal wall,
abdominal content
- Surrounds the pulmonary apparatus
Respiratory tract (components) - Pulmonary apparatus = pulmonary airway & lungs
Pulmonary airway = flexible tubes which move air to and from the lungs (trachea, bronchi, etc.)
Lungs = organ for breathing - elastic energy of the lungs → "passive" force of the respiratory
system
Contraction of the diaphragm results in - 1: pull the central tendon downward and
forward, enlarging the thorax vertically
2: elevation of the lower ribs (enlarge the thorax circumferentially)
structures of the larynx - larynx=valve between the trachea and phrynx (throat)
Structures= (1) thyroid cartilage, (2) cricoid cartilage, (3) arytenoid cartilage, (4) corniculate
cartilage, (5) epiglottis, (6) hyoid bone (technically not part of the larynx)
changes of the larynx across the lifespan - soft and pliable in childhood, more hard and
rigid in adulthood
movement of the cricothyroid joints - Rotational: either or both cartilages can rotate
about the lateral axis between the two cartilages (i.e., they can rotate towards each other or
away from each other- think visor and chin guard of a helmet)
Sliding: small movements front to back
Cricoarytenoid movement - Rocking: most significant movements; move in towards each
other
Sliding: limited movement; small inward and upward or downward and outward
3 valves that occlude/separate or open compartments - Glottis (vocal folds can close)
Velum (soft palate can go up)
Lips (e.g., for /p/ and /b/)
,Movement of the vocal folds - stretching of vocal folds = raises pitch (caused by thyroid
cartilage moving forward and down -- vocal folds are attached to inside of thyroid cartilage)
adduction of vocal folds/bringing vocal folds together = vibration (voicing); caused by arytenoids
being approximated/tilted in towards each other
composition of vocal folds - 1. Epithelium: squamous cells (skin cells)
2. Superficial lamina propria: few elastic fibers (gelatinous texture)
Layers 1-2 = the mucosa
3. Intermediate lamina propria: many elastic fibers (soft, stretchy rubber band)
4. Deep lamina propria: many collagenous fibers
Layers 3-4 = vocal ligament
5. Muscle: (thyrovocalis muscle) like a stiff rubber band
Cover= layers 1-3; body= layers 5-6
attachment of the vocal folds - Anteriorly- attaches to the back of the thyroid cartilage
Posteriorly- each end attaches to one of the two arytenoid cartilages (vocal folds are shaped like
a V)
Aryepiglottic folds - run between the epiglottis and arytenoids and envelop the
aryepiglottic muscles (contraction of this muscles pulls the epiglottis backward and downward
to cover the laryngeal opening)
Composition of vocal fold- musculature: - Working from outside-in (starting with the
vocal ligament= intermediate and deep LP):
Thyrovocalis (internal thyroarytenoid)
Thyromuscularis (external thyroarytenoid)
Vocal fold vs vocal cord - Vocal cord = vocal ligament + internal
thyroarytenoid/thyrovocalis
vocal fold= vocal cord + thyromuscularis/external thyroarytenoid
attachments of the epiglottis - Attaches to the hyoid bone via the lingual surface
Petiolus= lower part of the cartilage (stalk like); attaches to the thyroid cartilage just below the
thyroid notch (laryngeal surface)
, intrinsic muscles - both ends attached within the structure
extrinsic muscles - one end attached outside the structure
Ventricular folds (aka false vocal folds) - lie above the vocal folds but less prominent
Attach to the front of the thyroid cartilage and to the fronts and sides of the arytenoid cartilages
Contains ventricular ligament that runs from front to back near medial edge, sparse muscular
tissue
intrinsic muscles of the larynx - Thyroarytenoid
Posterior cricoarytenoid
Lateral cricoarytenoid
Arytenoid (transverse and oblique interarytenoids)
Cricothyroid
thyroarytenoid - Vocal folds themselves; attach to thyroid (front) and arytenoids (back)
Contract → shorten (reduces the distance between the thyroid and arytenoid
Posterior cricoarytenoid - Back surface of the cricoid, inserts onto the upper/back surface
of the arytenoids
Rocks arytenoid cartilages away from each other (abduction)
Opens vocal folds
Lateral cricoarytenoid - From cricoid to font surface of arytenoid
Rocks arytenoid cartilage toward each other (adduction)
Closes vocal folds (anterior portion)
Medial compression (squeezing together of the vocal folds)
Arytenoid (transverse and oblique interarytenoids) - Between arytenoids/connects them
adduction/closure of posterior vocal folds
Transverse: horizontally connects
Oblique: diagonally crosses the two
Aryepiglottic muscles: pulls epiglottis back and down to cover larynx
Verified Guide | A+ Rated
Passive forces of breathing - ELASTIC RECOIL OF MUSCLES: Natural recoil of cartilage,
muscles, ligaments, lung tissue
VACUUM BETWEEN LUNGS AND INNER SURFACE OF RIBS; diaphragm relaxes, it moves up into
chest allowing air to rush out
GRAVITY: The pull of gravity
AIR PRESSURE: pressure differential-- we want balanced pressure so if the lungs > pressure than
outside air, leads to exhalation
SURFACE TENSION OF ALVEOLI: wants to collapse into itself- lubrication (surfactant) keeps them
from fully collapsing
Functional priority of the larynx - lets air in and out, protects airway from food
Muscles of inspiration - diaphragm, external intercostals (pulls ribs out/up)
Muscles of expiration - internal intercostals, oblique and transverse abdominal muscles
(pulls ribs down/in)
Breathing at rest vs maximum inspiration/expiration - passive forces= at rest
maximum inspiration/expiration= requires active use of muscles
Active forces of breathing - Muscle contraction
Alveolar pressure needed to generate voicing
(normal conversation) - +8cmH2O needed to produce speech sounds
(positive value --> we are always exhaling during speech)
vital capacity - maximum amount of air you can exhale
tidal volume - Regular breathing / exhalation
Expiratory reserve volume - Most amount of air you can exhale after a regular breath
(Requires use of muscles)
Breathing for speech vs for life - Tidal breathing: inspiration/expiration regular and steady
wave; don't go into reserve
,Sustained tone: gradually decline (may go into reserve) e.g.,singing
Speech: ispiration/expiration at different patterns, wave declines that then result in inspiration,
may dip into reserve (long utterances); use muscles of expiration to control air flow
Components of chest wall - Rib cage, diaphragm [floor of the thorax], abdominal wall,
abdominal content
- Surrounds the pulmonary apparatus
Respiratory tract (components) - Pulmonary apparatus = pulmonary airway & lungs
Pulmonary airway = flexible tubes which move air to and from the lungs (trachea, bronchi, etc.)
Lungs = organ for breathing - elastic energy of the lungs → "passive" force of the respiratory
system
Contraction of the diaphragm results in - 1: pull the central tendon downward and
forward, enlarging the thorax vertically
2: elevation of the lower ribs (enlarge the thorax circumferentially)
structures of the larynx - larynx=valve between the trachea and phrynx (throat)
Structures= (1) thyroid cartilage, (2) cricoid cartilage, (3) arytenoid cartilage, (4) corniculate
cartilage, (5) epiglottis, (6) hyoid bone (technically not part of the larynx)
changes of the larynx across the lifespan - soft and pliable in childhood, more hard and
rigid in adulthood
movement of the cricothyroid joints - Rotational: either or both cartilages can rotate
about the lateral axis between the two cartilages (i.e., they can rotate towards each other or
away from each other- think visor and chin guard of a helmet)
Sliding: small movements front to back
Cricoarytenoid movement - Rocking: most significant movements; move in towards each
other
Sliding: limited movement; small inward and upward or downward and outward
3 valves that occlude/separate or open compartments - Glottis (vocal folds can close)
Velum (soft palate can go up)
Lips (e.g., for /p/ and /b/)
,Movement of the vocal folds - stretching of vocal folds = raises pitch (caused by thyroid
cartilage moving forward and down -- vocal folds are attached to inside of thyroid cartilage)
adduction of vocal folds/bringing vocal folds together = vibration (voicing); caused by arytenoids
being approximated/tilted in towards each other
composition of vocal folds - 1. Epithelium: squamous cells (skin cells)
2. Superficial lamina propria: few elastic fibers (gelatinous texture)
Layers 1-2 = the mucosa
3. Intermediate lamina propria: many elastic fibers (soft, stretchy rubber band)
4. Deep lamina propria: many collagenous fibers
Layers 3-4 = vocal ligament
5. Muscle: (thyrovocalis muscle) like a stiff rubber band
Cover= layers 1-3; body= layers 5-6
attachment of the vocal folds - Anteriorly- attaches to the back of the thyroid cartilage
Posteriorly- each end attaches to one of the two arytenoid cartilages (vocal folds are shaped like
a V)
Aryepiglottic folds - run between the epiglottis and arytenoids and envelop the
aryepiglottic muscles (contraction of this muscles pulls the epiglottis backward and downward
to cover the laryngeal opening)
Composition of vocal fold- musculature: - Working from outside-in (starting with the
vocal ligament= intermediate and deep LP):
Thyrovocalis (internal thyroarytenoid)
Thyromuscularis (external thyroarytenoid)
Vocal fold vs vocal cord - Vocal cord = vocal ligament + internal
thyroarytenoid/thyrovocalis
vocal fold= vocal cord + thyromuscularis/external thyroarytenoid
attachments of the epiglottis - Attaches to the hyoid bone via the lingual surface
Petiolus= lower part of the cartilage (stalk like); attaches to the thyroid cartilage just below the
thyroid notch (laryngeal surface)
, intrinsic muscles - both ends attached within the structure
extrinsic muscles - one end attached outside the structure
Ventricular folds (aka false vocal folds) - lie above the vocal folds but less prominent
Attach to the front of the thyroid cartilage and to the fronts and sides of the arytenoid cartilages
Contains ventricular ligament that runs from front to back near medial edge, sparse muscular
tissue
intrinsic muscles of the larynx - Thyroarytenoid
Posterior cricoarytenoid
Lateral cricoarytenoid
Arytenoid (transverse and oblique interarytenoids)
Cricothyroid
thyroarytenoid - Vocal folds themselves; attach to thyroid (front) and arytenoids (back)
Contract → shorten (reduces the distance between the thyroid and arytenoid
Posterior cricoarytenoid - Back surface of the cricoid, inserts onto the upper/back surface
of the arytenoids
Rocks arytenoid cartilages away from each other (abduction)
Opens vocal folds
Lateral cricoarytenoid - From cricoid to font surface of arytenoid
Rocks arytenoid cartilage toward each other (adduction)
Closes vocal folds (anterior portion)
Medial compression (squeezing together of the vocal folds)
Arytenoid (transverse and oblique interarytenoids) - Between arytenoids/connects them
adduction/closure of posterior vocal folds
Transverse: horizontally connects
Oblique: diagonally crosses the two
Aryepiglottic muscles: pulls epiglottis back and down to cover larynx
