CETP: Research to Practice Exam Cheatsheet
2025/26 | Verified, Graded, and Pass Guaranteed
T/F: Science is a philosophy of events and nature that values evidence more than opinions -
True (i just liked this point LOL)
What is research? - -The process of asking and answering questions
Inductive method - -Experiment first and explain later approach
-The researcher starts by conducting a series of experiments, and then he/she proposes a
theory based on the results of the experiments (experiment THEN theory)
Deductive method - -Explain first and verify later approach
-The researcher first explains an event and then attempts to verify the explanation through the
results of experiments (theory THEN experiment)
What is a theory? - -A systematic body of information concerning a phenomenon,
describing an event, explaining why the event occurs, and specifying how the theory can be
verified
-A theory specifies causal variables; it states that X causes Y
What is a hypothesis? - A proposed explanation for a question
-Testable propositions derived from a theory
Null hypothesis - -States that two variables are not related
e.g., "Stuttering and stress are NOT related"
Alternative hypothesis - -States the two variables are indeed related
e.g., "stuttering and stress are related"
T/F: The researcher hopes to accept the null hypothesis and reject the alternative hypothesis -
FALSE
-Reject the null and accept the alternative
How do we get data? - -Systematic observation
Qualitative data - -Verbal descriptions of attributes of events
, -WORDS
Quantitative data - -Numerical descriptions of attributes of events
-NUMBERS
Scientific data should meet the two criteria of ____ and _____ - -Reliability and validity!
Validity - -The degree to which an instrument measures what it purports to measure
E.g., a valid language test should test language skills, not auditory memory
Predictive validity/Criterion validity - -The accuracy with which a test predicts future
performance on a related task
(e.g., the CETP predicting our competency as clinicians - low predictive validity LOL)
Concurrent validity - -The degree to which a new test correlates with an established test
of know validity (e.g., a new receptive language test with the PPVT)
note: A moderate, positive correlation is good for the new test; if correlation is too high,
however, there may be a question of if this new test is needed
Construct validity - -The degree to which scores are consistent with theoretical constructs
or concepts
-e.g., a test of language development in children should meet the theoretical expectations that
as children grow older, their language skills improve
Content validity - -The degree to which a particular test measures what it purports to
measure
Reliability - -The consistency with which the same event is measured repeatedly
-Scores are reliable if they are consistent across repeated testing or measurement
How are measures of reliability expressed in research? - -Correlational coefficient
-a number or index that indicates the relationship between two or more independent variables
(usually expressed as "r")
An r value of 0.00 indicates.... - -that there is no relationship between the variables
- +1.00 = fully positive relationship (when one variable goes up, the other variable always goes
up)
2025/26 | Verified, Graded, and Pass Guaranteed
T/F: Science is a philosophy of events and nature that values evidence more than opinions -
True (i just liked this point LOL)
What is research? - -The process of asking and answering questions
Inductive method - -Experiment first and explain later approach
-The researcher starts by conducting a series of experiments, and then he/she proposes a
theory based on the results of the experiments (experiment THEN theory)
Deductive method - -Explain first and verify later approach
-The researcher first explains an event and then attempts to verify the explanation through the
results of experiments (theory THEN experiment)
What is a theory? - -A systematic body of information concerning a phenomenon,
describing an event, explaining why the event occurs, and specifying how the theory can be
verified
-A theory specifies causal variables; it states that X causes Y
What is a hypothesis? - A proposed explanation for a question
-Testable propositions derived from a theory
Null hypothesis - -States that two variables are not related
e.g., "Stuttering and stress are NOT related"
Alternative hypothesis - -States the two variables are indeed related
e.g., "stuttering and stress are related"
T/F: The researcher hopes to accept the null hypothesis and reject the alternative hypothesis -
FALSE
-Reject the null and accept the alternative
How do we get data? - -Systematic observation
Qualitative data - -Verbal descriptions of attributes of events
, -WORDS
Quantitative data - -Numerical descriptions of attributes of events
-NUMBERS
Scientific data should meet the two criteria of ____ and _____ - -Reliability and validity!
Validity - -The degree to which an instrument measures what it purports to measure
E.g., a valid language test should test language skills, not auditory memory
Predictive validity/Criterion validity - -The accuracy with which a test predicts future
performance on a related task
(e.g., the CETP predicting our competency as clinicians - low predictive validity LOL)
Concurrent validity - -The degree to which a new test correlates with an established test
of know validity (e.g., a new receptive language test with the PPVT)
note: A moderate, positive correlation is good for the new test; if correlation is too high,
however, there may be a question of if this new test is needed
Construct validity - -The degree to which scores are consistent with theoretical constructs
or concepts
-e.g., a test of language development in children should meet the theoretical expectations that
as children grow older, their language skills improve
Content validity - -The degree to which a particular test measures what it purports to
measure
Reliability - -The consistency with which the same event is measured repeatedly
-Scores are reliable if they are consistent across repeated testing or measurement
How are measures of reliability expressed in research? - -Correlational coefficient
-a number or index that indicates the relationship between two or more independent variables
(usually expressed as "r")
An r value of 0.00 indicates.... - -that there is no relationship between the variables
- +1.00 = fully positive relationship (when one variable goes up, the other variable always goes
up)
