Medical Physiology and Pharmacology – 2025 Exam
Questions and Verified Answers – University-Level Practice
Material.
This document provides an extensive compilation of verified
exam questions and answers for Medical Physiology and
Pharmacology, tailored for the academic year 2025. It covers
essential pharmacological and physiological topics, including
drug development, mechanisms of action, clinical trial
design, neurophysiology, endocrinology, cardiology, renal
function, and more. The material is structured in a question-
answer format, making it ideal for targeted exam preparation
or rapid review. It aligns closely with university-level
curricula and standard assessments in medical and health
sciences programs.
Latest Updated Exam Guide 2025/2026
which definition best describes a lead compound - ansthe first compound discovered to have
the desired activity
which method of discovering a drug is generally the least expensive - ansmolecular docking
what is the name of the process that involves step-wise alteration of a drug to improve its
properties - ansstructure activity relationship
what was the estimated research and development expenses of pharma in 2016 - ans60 billion
which branch of pharmacology studies the effect of the body on drugs - anspharmacokinetics
which branch of pharmacology studies how patients respond differently to drugs -
anspharmacogenetics
which branch of pharmacology studies the desired effect of drugs on the body, usually at the
molecular level - anspharmacodynamics
which branch of pharmacology studies adverse effects of drugs on the body - anstoxicology
which branch of pharmacology does excretion fall under - anspharmacokinetics
which is the chemical name for a popular OTC pain killer - ansN-acetyl-para-aminophenol
which stage of translational research is the first to utilize a FDA approved drug - ansT3
the transition between which two phases of translational research involves switching from
controlled settings real-world setting - ansT2-T3
which type of drug is most likely to be given orally - anssmall molecule
overnight contact lenses are considered ? medical devices - ansclass III
which term describes the process of taking a piece of humor tumor from a patient and placing
it under the skin of a mouse in order to do pre-clinical testing - anspatient-derived xenograft
in order to do a clinical trial in humans, IRB approval must be obtained. From which
regulatory body must approval be obtained in order to carry out a similar study in rats? -
ansIACUC
gaining information on which of the following is the primary purpose of a Phase I clinical
trial - anstreatment safety
which of the following requires direct action by a patient (or their guardian) before they can
be enrolled in a phase I clinical trial - ansinformed consent
in which type of clinical trial is a MTD most likely to be determined - ansphase 1
what government agency regulates phase I clinical trials in the US - ansFDA
a clinical trial for the use of a new pain killer in terminal cancer patients who have been
admitted to hospice would be considered what type of clinical trial - ansquality of life trial
how many groups of patients would be required for a placebo-controlled factorial trial to test
combinations of three drugs - ans8
,Medical Physiology and Pharmacology – 2025 Exam
Questions and Verified Answers – University-Level Practice
Material.
This document provides an extensive compilation of verified
exam questions and answers for Medical Physiology and
Pharmacology, tailored for the academic year 2025. It covers
essential pharmacological and physiological topics, including
drug development, mechanisms of action, clinical trial
design, neurophysiology, endocrinology, cardiology, renal
function, and more. The material is structured in a question-
answer format, making it ideal for targeted exam preparation
or rapid review. It aligns closely with university-level
curricula and standard assessments in medical and health
sciences programs.
Latest Updated Exam Guide 2025/2026
in which type of clinical trial is every patient guaranteed to receive active drug - anscross-
over trial
exclusion criteria for a clinical trial for a new therapy for pediatric leukemia - anspatient is
greater than 12 years old
the most common target of drugs is - ansreceptors
Gleevac targets - ansenzymes
a diabetic receives an injection of insulin. Once the insulin reaches the pancreas, how long do
you expect it to take before a response can be measured - ansminutes
a dose of agonist occupies 30% of receptors and gives an effect of 50. According to the
occupancy theory, what effect would you expect from a dose that occupies 90% of receptors -
ans150
most drugs bind in such a way that it is reversible without a chemical reaction. These drugs
must therefore lack which type of bond with their targets - anscovalent
drug A requires 15 micromolar to reach 50% of its maximum response while drug B requires
50 micromolar to reach 50% of its maximum response, which drug is more potent - ansdrug
A
drug A requires 15 micromolar to reach 50% of its maximum response while drug B requires
50 micromolar to reach 50% of its maximum response, which drug is more effective -
anscannot tell
which term describes a molecule that produces an effect when binding a receptor but is
incapable of inducing 100% effect - anspartial agonist
the addition of a competitive antagonist will affect the apparent ? of an agonist - anspotency
the addition of a non-competitive antagonist will affect the apparent ? of an agonist -
ansefficacy
when drug A, an agonist, is given chronically, larger and larger concentrations are needed in
order to achieve the same effect. which phenomenon is likely occurring - ansdesensitization
which type of response curve would you look at if you wanted to know the exact response
predicted in a controlled system at a specified drug concentration - ansgraded concentration
response
when developing a new drug, do you generally want a high or low therapeutic index -
anshigh
aspirin has an ED50=5mg/dl and a TD50=100mg/dl what is the therapeutic index of aspirin -
ans20
through which routes of administration will at least some first-pass metabolism occur -
ansoral, rectal
,Medical Physiology and Pharmacology – 2025 Exam
Questions and Verified Answers – University-Level Practice
Material.
This document provides an extensive compilation of verified
exam questions and answers for Medical Physiology and
Pharmacology, tailored for the academic year 2025. It covers
essential pharmacological and physiological topics, including
drug development, mechanisms of action, clinical trial
design, neurophysiology, endocrinology, cardiology, renal
function, and more. The material is structured in a question-
answer format, making it ideal for targeted exam preparation
or rapid review. It aligns closely with university-level
curricula and standard assessments in medical and health
sciences programs.
Latest Updated Exam Guide 2025/2026
would you expect aspirin to be absorbed better at high or low pH - anslow pH
would you expect a more polar or nonpolar drug to have more bioavailability - ansnonpolar
assuming the same lipophilicity and that all are neutrally charged which drug would you
expect to have the best membrane permeability - anstylenol
which family of enzymes catalyzes the majority of phase I drug metabolism - ansCYPs
codeine undergoes which type of phase I metabolism reaction - ansdealkylation
tylenol undergoes which type of phase II metabolism reaction - anssulfation
the majority of drug excretion occurs in which organ - anskidney
biliary excretion occurs in which organ - ansliver
imagine a drug with kEL=1.2 hr, clearance=14.4 L/hr, and Vd=12L/kg what loading dose
would be required to achieve a 2mg/L concentration in a 30kg patient - ans720
after a single dose, a drugs concentration in the plasma is measured to be 10mg/L. After one
hour the plasma concentration is measured to be 5mg/L. How many hours will it take for the
plasma concentration to reach 0.02mg/L assuming first-order metabolism - ans9
imagine a drug with kEL=1.2 hr, clearance=14.4L/hr and Vd=12L/kg. Assuming constant
infusion of drug, roughly how long would it take for the drug concentration to reach steady-
state - ans3 hr
imagine a drug with kEL=1.2 hr, clearance=14.4L/hr and Vd=12L/kg. In order to achieve a
steady-state plasma concentration of 2mg/L, how large should each maintenance dose be if a
30kg patient is going to take an oral dose every 12 hours. - ans346 mg
a physician walks into a patient room and can immediately draw conclusions regarding which
one of the following sources of individuality in terms of drug response - anscondition or state
of being
at which age would you expect a patient have the highest levels of P450 activity - ans50 years
prilosec is a substrate for P450 enzymes. Ingesting which of the following would likely
increase its metabolism - ansgrilled hotdog
genetics can influence which branch of pharmacology - anskinetics and dynamics
which drug has an adverse interaction with Xanax - ansindinavir
events occurring if a single SNP exists - anstruncated drug metabolizing enzyme, a leucine
changed to phenylalanine in a receptor that prevents drug inhibiting, there would be no
observable change in protein sequence or structure
a TB patient is not responding to isoniazid treatment. The physician takes a DNA sample
from the patient and sends it for testing. What gene is she likely having genotyped - ansN-
acetyl transferase
, Medical Physiology and Pharmacology – 2025 Exam
Questions and Verified Answers – University-Level Practice
Material.
This document provides an extensive compilation of verified
exam questions and answers for Medical Physiology and
Pharmacology, tailored for the academic year 2025. It covers
essential pharmacological and physiological topics, including
drug development, mechanisms of action, clinical trial
design, neurophysiology, endocrinology, cardiology, renal
function, and more. The material is structured in a question-
answer format, making it ideal for targeted exam preparation
or rapid review. It aligns closely with university-level
curricula and standard assessments in medical and health
sciences programs.
Latest Updated Exam Guide 2025/2026
genetic changes may lead to which of the following - ansincreased sensitivity of CML to
Gleevac, decreased sensitivity of CML to Gleevac
a breast cancer patient is undergoing tamoxifen treatment. If she has a polymorphism of
CYP2D6 that leads to decreased enzyme activity what occurs - ansshe be prescribed a higher
dose of tamoxifen
patients taking plavix often are genotyped for which gene - ansCYP2C19
a patient's CYP2C9 gene is sequenced from beginning to end. Which of the following genetic
variants could possible be found using this technique, assuming they all exist - ansSNPs,
Indels
would a patient with overactive VKORC1 need a higher, lower, or equal dose of warfarin
compared to someone with normal VKORC1 - anshigher
melanoma patients often have their BRAF gene sequenced prior to treatment with
vemurafinib. For which patient would vemurafinib treatment be prescribed - ansa patient with
mutant BRAF
what part of a neuron carries an action potential to another cell - ansaxon
at a chemical synapse, ? flows into the presynaptic cell and ? flows into the postsynaptic cell -
ansCa, Na
which type of neuroglia provide myelin sheath in the CNS - ansoligodendrocytes
what type of cell junction primarily contributes to the function of the BBB - anstight junction
the two hemispheres of the brain are separated by what place - ansmidsagittal
nerves are found only in the - ansPNS
when transmitting a signal, which fiber always comes first - ansafferent fiber
which lobe of the brain is located the post posteriorly - ansoccipital lobe
what cranial nerve innervates the intestines - ansvagus
a blow to the back of the head is most likely to affect what function - ansmotor function
action potentials in the dorsal portion of the spinal cord move in what direction? Assume the
signal is a communication that either starts or stops in the brain - anssuperiorly
which neurotransmitter is found in the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and somatic nervous
system - ansACh
which type of receptors are found in the effectors of both the sympathetic and
parasympathetic portions of the ANS - ansmuscarinic
how many molecules of ACh is a nAChR capable of binding - ans5
when a nAChR binds ACh, what are the odds that the channel will open rather than become
desensitized - ans10:1
Questions and Verified Answers – University-Level Practice
Material.
This document provides an extensive compilation of verified
exam questions and answers for Medical Physiology and
Pharmacology, tailored for the academic year 2025. It covers
essential pharmacological and physiological topics, including
drug development, mechanisms of action, clinical trial
design, neurophysiology, endocrinology, cardiology, renal
function, and more. The material is structured in a question-
answer format, making it ideal for targeted exam preparation
or rapid review. It aligns closely with university-level
curricula and standard assessments in medical and health
sciences programs.
Latest Updated Exam Guide 2025/2026
which definition best describes a lead compound - ansthe first compound discovered to have
the desired activity
which method of discovering a drug is generally the least expensive - ansmolecular docking
what is the name of the process that involves step-wise alteration of a drug to improve its
properties - ansstructure activity relationship
what was the estimated research and development expenses of pharma in 2016 - ans60 billion
which branch of pharmacology studies the effect of the body on drugs - anspharmacokinetics
which branch of pharmacology studies how patients respond differently to drugs -
anspharmacogenetics
which branch of pharmacology studies the desired effect of drugs on the body, usually at the
molecular level - anspharmacodynamics
which branch of pharmacology studies adverse effects of drugs on the body - anstoxicology
which branch of pharmacology does excretion fall under - anspharmacokinetics
which is the chemical name for a popular OTC pain killer - ansN-acetyl-para-aminophenol
which stage of translational research is the first to utilize a FDA approved drug - ansT3
the transition between which two phases of translational research involves switching from
controlled settings real-world setting - ansT2-T3
which type of drug is most likely to be given orally - anssmall molecule
overnight contact lenses are considered ? medical devices - ansclass III
which term describes the process of taking a piece of humor tumor from a patient and placing
it under the skin of a mouse in order to do pre-clinical testing - anspatient-derived xenograft
in order to do a clinical trial in humans, IRB approval must be obtained. From which
regulatory body must approval be obtained in order to carry out a similar study in rats? -
ansIACUC
gaining information on which of the following is the primary purpose of a Phase I clinical
trial - anstreatment safety
which of the following requires direct action by a patient (or their guardian) before they can
be enrolled in a phase I clinical trial - ansinformed consent
in which type of clinical trial is a MTD most likely to be determined - ansphase 1
what government agency regulates phase I clinical trials in the US - ansFDA
a clinical trial for the use of a new pain killer in terminal cancer patients who have been
admitted to hospice would be considered what type of clinical trial - ansquality of life trial
how many groups of patients would be required for a placebo-controlled factorial trial to test
combinations of three drugs - ans8
,Medical Physiology and Pharmacology – 2025 Exam
Questions and Verified Answers – University-Level Practice
Material.
This document provides an extensive compilation of verified
exam questions and answers for Medical Physiology and
Pharmacology, tailored for the academic year 2025. It covers
essential pharmacological and physiological topics, including
drug development, mechanisms of action, clinical trial
design, neurophysiology, endocrinology, cardiology, renal
function, and more. The material is structured in a question-
answer format, making it ideal for targeted exam preparation
or rapid review. It aligns closely with university-level
curricula and standard assessments in medical and health
sciences programs.
Latest Updated Exam Guide 2025/2026
in which type of clinical trial is every patient guaranteed to receive active drug - anscross-
over trial
exclusion criteria for a clinical trial for a new therapy for pediatric leukemia - anspatient is
greater than 12 years old
the most common target of drugs is - ansreceptors
Gleevac targets - ansenzymes
a diabetic receives an injection of insulin. Once the insulin reaches the pancreas, how long do
you expect it to take before a response can be measured - ansminutes
a dose of agonist occupies 30% of receptors and gives an effect of 50. According to the
occupancy theory, what effect would you expect from a dose that occupies 90% of receptors -
ans150
most drugs bind in such a way that it is reversible without a chemical reaction. These drugs
must therefore lack which type of bond with their targets - anscovalent
drug A requires 15 micromolar to reach 50% of its maximum response while drug B requires
50 micromolar to reach 50% of its maximum response, which drug is more potent - ansdrug
A
drug A requires 15 micromolar to reach 50% of its maximum response while drug B requires
50 micromolar to reach 50% of its maximum response, which drug is more effective -
anscannot tell
which term describes a molecule that produces an effect when binding a receptor but is
incapable of inducing 100% effect - anspartial agonist
the addition of a competitive antagonist will affect the apparent ? of an agonist - anspotency
the addition of a non-competitive antagonist will affect the apparent ? of an agonist -
ansefficacy
when drug A, an agonist, is given chronically, larger and larger concentrations are needed in
order to achieve the same effect. which phenomenon is likely occurring - ansdesensitization
which type of response curve would you look at if you wanted to know the exact response
predicted in a controlled system at a specified drug concentration - ansgraded concentration
response
when developing a new drug, do you generally want a high or low therapeutic index -
anshigh
aspirin has an ED50=5mg/dl and a TD50=100mg/dl what is the therapeutic index of aspirin -
ans20
through which routes of administration will at least some first-pass metabolism occur -
ansoral, rectal
,Medical Physiology and Pharmacology – 2025 Exam
Questions and Verified Answers – University-Level Practice
Material.
This document provides an extensive compilation of verified
exam questions and answers for Medical Physiology and
Pharmacology, tailored for the academic year 2025. It covers
essential pharmacological and physiological topics, including
drug development, mechanisms of action, clinical trial
design, neurophysiology, endocrinology, cardiology, renal
function, and more. The material is structured in a question-
answer format, making it ideal for targeted exam preparation
or rapid review. It aligns closely with university-level
curricula and standard assessments in medical and health
sciences programs.
Latest Updated Exam Guide 2025/2026
would you expect aspirin to be absorbed better at high or low pH - anslow pH
would you expect a more polar or nonpolar drug to have more bioavailability - ansnonpolar
assuming the same lipophilicity and that all are neutrally charged which drug would you
expect to have the best membrane permeability - anstylenol
which family of enzymes catalyzes the majority of phase I drug metabolism - ansCYPs
codeine undergoes which type of phase I metabolism reaction - ansdealkylation
tylenol undergoes which type of phase II metabolism reaction - anssulfation
the majority of drug excretion occurs in which organ - anskidney
biliary excretion occurs in which organ - ansliver
imagine a drug with kEL=1.2 hr, clearance=14.4 L/hr, and Vd=12L/kg what loading dose
would be required to achieve a 2mg/L concentration in a 30kg patient - ans720
after a single dose, a drugs concentration in the plasma is measured to be 10mg/L. After one
hour the plasma concentration is measured to be 5mg/L. How many hours will it take for the
plasma concentration to reach 0.02mg/L assuming first-order metabolism - ans9
imagine a drug with kEL=1.2 hr, clearance=14.4L/hr and Vd=12L/kg. Assuming constant
infusion of drug, roughly how long would it take for the drug concentration to reach steady-
state - ans3 hr
imagine a drug with kEL=1.2 hr, clearance=14.4L/hr and Vd=12L/kg. In order to achieve a
steady-state plasma concentration of 2mg/L, how large should each maintenance dose be if a
30kg patient is going to take an oral dose every 12 hours. - ans346 mg
a physician walks into a patient room and can immediately draw conclusions regarding which
one of the following sources of individuality in terms of drug response - anscondition or state
of being
at which age would you expect a patient have the highest levels of P450 activity - ans50 years
prilosec is a substrate for P450 enzymes. Ingesting which of the following would likely
increase its metabolism - ansgrilled hotdog
genetics can influence which branch of pharmacology - anskinetics and dynamics
which drug has an adverse interaction with Xanax - ansindinavir
events occurring if a single SNP exists - anstruncated drug metabolizing enzyme, a leucine
changed to phenylalanine in a receptor that prevents drug inhibiting, there would be no
observable change in protein sequence or structure
a TB patient is not responding to isoniazid treatment. The physician takes a DNA sample
from the patient and sends it for testing. What gene is she likely having genotyped - ansN-
acetyl transferase
, Medical Physiology and Pharmacology – 2025 Exam
Questions and Verified Answers – University-Level Practice
Material.
This document provides an extensive compilation of verified
exam questions and answers for Medical Physiology and
Pharmacology, tailored for the academic year 2025. It covers
essential pharmacological and physiological topics, including
drug development, mechanisms of action, clinical trial
design, neurophysiology, endocrinology, cardiology, renal
function, and more. The material is structured in a question-
answer format, making it ideal for targeted exam preparation
or rapid review. It aligns closely with university-level
curricula and standard assessments in medical and health
sciences programs.
Latest Updated Exam Guide 2025/2026
genetic changes may lead to which of the following - ansincreased sensitivity of CML to
Gleevac, decreased sensitivity of CML to Gleevac
a breast cancer patient is undergoing tamoxifen treatment. If she has a polymorphism of
CYP2D6 that leads to decreased enzyme activity what occurs - ansshe be prescribed a higher
dose of tamoxifen
patients taking plavix often are genotyped for which gene - ansCYP2C19
a patient's CYP2C9 gene is sequenced from beginning to end. Which of the following genetic
variants could possible be found using this technique, assuming they all exist - ansSNPs,
Indels
would a patient with overactive VKORC1 need a higher, lower, or equal dose of warfarin
compared to someone with normal VKORC1 - anshigher
melanoma patients often have their BRAF gene sequenced prior to treatment with
vemurafinib. For which patient would vemurafinib treatment be prescribed - ansa patient with
mutant BRAF
what part of a neuron carries an action potential to another cell - ansaxon
at a chemical synapse, ? flows into the presynaptic cell and ? flows into the postsynaptic cell -
ansCa, Na
which type of neuroglia provide myelin sheath in the CNS - ansoligodendrocytes
what type of cell junction primarily contributes to the function of the BBB - anstight junction
the two hemispheres of the brain are separated by what place - ansmidsagittal
nerves are found only in the - ansPNS
when transmitting a signal, which fiber always comes first - ansafferent fiber
which lobe of the brain is located the post posteriorly - ansoccipital lobe
what cranial nerve innervates the intestines - ansvagus
a blow to the back of the head is most likely to affect what function - ansmotor function
action potentials in the dorsal portion of the spinal cord move in what direction? Assume the
signal is a communication that either starts or stops in the brain - anssuperiorly
which neurotransmitter is found in the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and somatic nervous
system - ansACh
which type of receptors are found in the effectors of both the sympathetic and
parasympathetic portions of the ANS - ansmuscarinic
how many molecules of ACh is a nAChR capable of binding - ans5
when a nAChR binds ACh, what are the odds that the channel will open rather than become
desensitized - ans10:1
