Drugs Affecting the CNS: Anxiolytics and Antidepressants
Anxiety - correct answer Common mental disorder affecting over 40 million adults.
Anxiety Symptoms - correct answer Tension, fear, tachycardia, sweating, and trembling.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) - correct answer Characterized by excessive worry and
anxiety.
Panic Disorder - correct answer Involves recurrent panic attacks.
Social Anxiety Disorder - correct answer Excessive fear in social situations.
Separation Anxiety Disorder - correct answer Fear of separation from emotional bonds.
Anxiolytic Drugs - correct answer Medications that relieve anxiety symptoms.
Benzodiazepines - correct answer Drugs with anxiolytic and hypnotic effects.
Benzodiazepines Antagonist - correct answer Substances that inhibit benzodiazepine effects.
Antidepressants - correct answer Medications used to treat anxiety and depression.
Buspirone (BuSpar) - correct answer An anxiolytic medication with a different mechanism.
Barbiturates - correct answer Older sedatives with higher risk of dependence.
Zolpidem (Ambien) - correct answer Sleep aid with anxiolytic properties.
Zaleplon (Sonata) - correct answer Short-acting sleep medication.
Eszopiclone (Lunesta) - correct answer Longer-acting sleep medication.
Melatonin Receptor Agonist - correct answer Regulates sleep-wake cycles.
Antihistamines - correct answer Used for anxiety relief and sedation.
Orexin Receptor Antagonist - correct answer Targets orexin system to promote sleep.
GABAA Receptors - correct answer Target of benzodiazepines, mediating inhibitory effects.
Allosteric Modulator - correct answer Substance altering receptor response to stimuli.
GABAA receptor - correct answer Receptor mediating benzodiazepine effects on anxiety.
Anxiolytic effect - correct answer Reduces anxiety without significant sedation.
Muscle relaxant - correct answer Reduces muscle spasticity at high doses.
Sedation - correct answer Induces calming effects and artificial sleep.
Hypnosis - correct answer Induced sleep state at high benzodiazepine doses.
Memory impairment - correct answer Temporary inability to form new memories.
,Drugs Affecting the CNS: Anxiolytics and Antidepressants
Anticonvulsant - correct answer Reduces seizure activity through GABAA receptor.
Clonazepam - correct answer Long-acting benzodiazepine for anxiety treatment.
Lorazepam - correct answer Used for anxiety and status epilepticus.
Diazepam - correct answer Long-acting benzodiazepine for anxiety and seizures.
Alprazolam - correct answer Effective for panic disorders, short- and long-term.
Withdrawal responses - correct answer 30% of patients experience withdrawal symptoms.
Tolerance - correct answer Decreased responsiveness after 1 to 2 weeks.
Triazolam - correct answer Short-acting hypnotic for sleep onset issues.
Temazepam - correct answer Intermediate-acting for frequent awakenings during sleep.
Flurazepam - correct answer Long-acting hypnotic, risk of daytime sedation.
Midazolam - correct answer Short-acting for anxiety-inducing procedures, causes amnesia.
Anterograde amnesia - correct answer Inability to form new memories post-procedure.
Status epilepticus - correct answer Continuous seizure lasting over 30 minutes.
Chlordiazepoxide - correct answer Used for acute alcohol withdrawal seizures.
Clonazepam (adjunctive) - correct answer Supplemental therapy for specific seizure types.
Baclofen - correct answer Muscle relaxant acting at spinal cord level.
REM sleep - correct answer Stage of sleep reduced by benzodiazepines.
Residual sedation - correct answer Daytime drowsiness after nighttime benzodiazepine use.
Hypnotics duration - correct answer Recommended use limited to 1 to 3 weeks.
Drug accumulation - correct answer Risk in elderly patients using flurazepam.
Benzodiazepines - correct answer Drugs used for anxiety, muscle spasms, and sleep.
Muscle Disorders - correct answer Conditions treated with benzodiazepines for muscle spasms.
Diazepam - correct answer Valium; effective for muscle stiffness treatment.
Lipophilic - correct answer Property allowing rapid absorption of benzodiazepines.
CNS Distribution - correct answer Benzodiazepines spread throughout the central nervous
system.
Hepatic Metabolism - correct answer Liver processing of benzodiazepines into active
metabolites.
, Drugs Affecting the CNS: Anxiolytics and Antidepressants
CYP34A - correct answer Enzyme involved in benzodiazepine metabolism.
Half-life - correct answer Duration for drug concentration to reduce by half.
Glucuronidation - correct answer Conversion to inactive metabolites for renal safety.
Urinary Excretion - correct answer Benzodiazepines eliminated as glucuronides in urine.
Pregnancy Risks - correct answer Benzodiazepines can harm fetal CNS development.
Dependence - correct answer Psychological and physical reliance on benzodiazepines.
Withdrawal Symptoms - correct answer Rebound anxiety, insomnia, and seizures after
stopping.
Triazolam - correct answer Halcion; short half-life, severe withdrawal symptoms.
Adverse Effects - correct answer Commonly include drowsiness, confusion, and ataxia.
Cognitive Impairments - correct answer Memory issues due to high benzodiazepine doses.
Alcohol Interaction - correct answer Enhances sedative effects, increasing overdose risk.
Flumazenil - correct answer GABA receptor antagonist reversing benzodiazepine effects.
Buspirone - correct answer BuSpar; non-benzodiazepine for chronic anxiety treatment.
SSRIs - correct answer Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for anxiety management.
SNRIs - correct answer Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors for anxiety treatment.
Zolpidem - correct answer Ambien; non-benzodiazepine hypnotic for sleep induction.
Barbiturates - correct answer Older sedatives replaced by benzodiazepines due to risks.
GABAA Receptors - correct answer Targeted by benzodiazepines to enhance GABA
transmission.
Respiratory Depression - correct answer Risk of overdose leading to breathing failure.
Anesthesia - correct answer Use of barbiturates for inducing unconsciousness.
Ultra-short Acting Barbiturates - correct answer Fast-acting drugs for brief surgical procedures.
Electroconvulsive Therapy - correct answer Procedure using anesthesia to induce seizures.
Melatonin Receptor Agonists - correct answer Drugs mimicking melatonin for sleep regulation.
Orexin Receptor Antagonists - correct answer Drugs blocking orexin to promote sleep.
Antihistamines - correct answer Sedative drugs used for anxiety and sleep.
Doxepin - correct answer Antidepressant used for sleep and anxiety.
Anxiety - correct answer Common mental disorder affecting over 40 million adults.
Anxiety Symptoms - correct answer Tension, fear, tachycardia, sweating, and trembling.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) - correct answer Characterized by excessive worry and
anxiety.
Panic Disorder - correct answer Involves recurrent panic attacks.
Social Anxiety Disorder - correct answer Excessive fear in social situations.
Separation Anxiety Disorder - correct answer Fear of separation from emotional bonds.
Anxiolytic Drugs - correct answer Medications that relieve anxiety symptoms.
Benzodiazepines - correct answer Drugs with anxiolytic and hypnotic effects.
Benzodiazepines Antagonist - correct answer Substances that inhibit benzodiazepine effects.
Antidepressants - correct answer Medications used to treat anxiety and depression.
Buspirone (BuSpar) - correct answer An anxiolytic medication with a different mechanism.
Barbiturates - correct answer Older sedatives with higher risk of dependence.
Zolpidem (Ambien) - correct answer Sleep aid with anxiolytic properties.
Zaleplon (Sonata) - correct answer Short-acting sleep medication.
Eszopiclone (Lunesta) - correct answer Longer-acting sleep medication.
Melatonin Receptor Agonist - correct answer Regulates sleep-wake cycles.
Antihistamines - correct answer Used for anxiety relief and sedation.
Orexin Receptor Antagonist - correct answer Targets orexin system to promote sleep.
GABAA Receptors - correct answer Target of benzodiazepines, mediating inhibitory effects.
Allosteric Modulator - correct answer Substance altering receptor response to stimuli.
GABAA receptor - correct answer Receptor mediating benzodiazepine effects on anxiety.
Anxiolytic effect - correct answer Reduces anxiety without significant sedation.
Muscle relaxant - correct answer Reduces muscle spasticity at high doses.
Sedation - correct answer Induces calming effects and artificial sleep.
Hypnosis - correct answer Induced sleep state at high benzodiazepine doses.
Memory impairment - correct answer Temporary inability to form new memories.
,Drugs Affecting the CNS: Anxiolytics and Antidepressants
Anticonvulsant - correct answer Reduces seizure activity through GABAA receptor.
Clonazepam - correct answer Long-acting benzodiazepine for anxiety treatment.
Lorazepam - correct answer Used for anxiety and status epilepticus.
Diazepam - correct answer Long-acting benzodiazepine for anxiety and seizures.
Alprazolam - correct answer Effective for panic disorders, short- and long-term.
Withdrawal responses - correct answer 30% of patients experience withdrawal symptoms.
Tolerance - correct answer Decreased responsiveness after 1 to 2 weeks.
Triazolam - correct answer Short-acting hypnotic for sleep onset issues.
Temazepam - correct answer Intermediate-acting for frequent awakenings during sleep.
Flurazepam - correct answer Long-acting hypnotic, risk of daytime sedation.
Midazolam - correct answer Short-acting for anxiety-inducing procedures, causes amnesia.
Anterograde amnesia - correct answer Inability to form new memories post-procedure.
Status epilepticus - correct answer Continuous seizure lasting over 30 minutes.
Chlordiazepoxide - correct answer Used for acute alcohol withdrawal seizures.
Clonazepam (adjunctive) - correct answer Supplemental therapy for specific seizure types.
Baclofen - correct answer Muscle relaxant acting at spinal cord level.
REM sleep - correct answer Stage of sleep reduced by benzodiazepines.
Residual sedation - correct answer Daytime drowsiness after nighttime benzodiazepine use.
Hypnotics duration - correct answer Recommended use limited to 1 to 3 weeks.
Drug accumulation - correct answer Risk in elderly patients using flurazepam.
Benzodiazepines - correct answer Drugs used for anxiety, muscle spasms, and sleep.
Muscle Disorders - correct answer Conditions treated with benzodiazepines for muscle spasms.
Diazepam - correct answer Valium; effective for muscle stiffness treatment.
Lipophilic - correct answer Property allowing rapid absorption of benzodiazepines.
CNS Distribution - correct answer Benzodiazepines spread throughout the central nervous
system.
Hepatic Metabolism - correct answer Liver processing of benzodiazepines into active
metabolites.
, Drugs Affecting the CNS: Anxiolytics and Antidepressants
CYP34A - correct answer Enzyme involved in benzodiazepine metabolism.
Half-life - correct answer Duration for drug concentration to reduce by half.
Glucuronidation - correct answer Conversion to inactive metabolites for renal safety.
Urinary Excretion - correct answer Benzodiazepines eliminated as glucuronides in urine.
Pregnancy Risks - correct answer Benzodiazepines can harm fetal CNS development.
Dependence - correct answer Psychological and physical reliance on benzodiazepines.
Withdrawal Symptoms - correct answer Rebound anxiety, insomnia, and seizures after
stopping.
Triazolam - correct answer Halcion; short half-life, severe withdrawal symptoms.
Adverse Effects - correct answer Commonly include drowsiness, confusion, and ataxia.
Cognitive Impairments - correct answer Memory issues due to high benzodiazepine doses.
Alcohol Interaction - correct answer Enhances sedative effects, increasing overdose risk.
Flumazenil - correct answer GABA receptor antagonist reversing benzodiazepine effects.
Buspirone - correct answer BuSpar; non-benzodiazepine for chronic anxiety treatment.
SSRIs - correct answer Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for anxiety management.
SNRIs - correct answer Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors for anxiety treatment.
Zolpidem - correct answer Ambien; non-benzodiazepine hypnotic for sleep induction.
Barbiturates - correct answer Older sedatives replaced by benzodiazepines due to risks.
GABAA Receptors - correct answer Targeted by benzodiazepines to enhance GABA
transmission.
Respiratory Depression - correct answer Risk of overdose leading to breathing failure.
Anesthesia - correct answer Use of barbiturates for inducing unconsciousness.
Ultra-short Acting Barbiturates - correct answer Fast-acting drugs for brief surgical procedures.
Electroconvulsive Therapy - correct answer Procedure using anesthesia to induce seizures.
Melatonin Receptor Agonists - correct answer Drugs mimicking melatonin for sleep regulation.
Orexin Receptor Antagonists - correct answer Drugs blocking orexin to promote sleep.
Antihistamines - correct answer Sedative drugs used for anxiety and sleep.
Doxepin - correct answer Antidepressant used for sleep and anxiety.
