biology 102 module 4 ( 4 versions)
questions with detailed answers
cytokines - ANSWERS-Chemicals released by the immune system communicate with
the brain.
clonal expansion - ANSWERS-the rapid multiplication of B or T cell clones after
activation by an antigen
lymph nodes - ANSWERS-Bean-shaped filters that cluster along the lymphatic vessels
of the body. They function as a cleanser of lymph as wells as a site of T and B cell
activation
vaccination - ANSWERS-intiates the primary immune response
chronic inflammation - ANSWERS-continuous injury or irritation to tissue. can cause
damage to tissues
allergies - ANSWERS-immune system's over-reaction to antigen
autoimmunity - ANSWERS-immune system recognizes self antigen as being foreign-
results in tissue/organ damage
hypersensitivity - ANSWERS-an exaggerated response by the immune system to a
particular substance
immunodeficiency - ANSWERS-immune system with decreased or compromised
response to disease-causing organisms
primary - ANSWERS-genetic/developmental defect results in individual lacking in some
component of the immune system
acquired - ANSWERS-later in life
Incomplete Digestive Tract - ANSWERS-gastrovascular cavity- digestive tract with one
opening that takes in food and ejects wastes. Lacks specialized cells. jellyfish
complete digestive tract - ANSWERS-alimentary canal. digestive system that has two
openings, a mouth and an anus, that are at opposite ends of a continuous tube
gastrovascular cavity - ANSWERS-digestive chamber with a single opening
Alimenary canal - ANSWERS-two openings
,oral cavity - ANSWERS-mouth. food is chewed up and moistened by saliva
masticated - ANSWERS-to chew, to reduce to a pulp by crushing or kneading, as
rubber.
amylase - ANSWERS-Enzyme in saliva that breaks the chemical bonds in starches
lipase - ANSWERS-pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats. secreted by salivary
glands
tongue - ANSWERS-composed of striated muscle, mixes chewed food with saliva,
forms mixture into bolus
digestion in animals is... - ANSWERS-entirely extracellular. enzymes secreted by lining f
digestive tract and nearby glands
Pharynx - ANSWERS-back of mouth. where digestive and respiratory passages come
together. soft palate closes of nasopharynx, epiglottis covers opening in trachea and
keeps food from air passages
soft palatte - ANSWERS-close of nasopharynx
epiglottis - ANSWERS-A flap of tissue that seals off the windpipe and prevents food
from entering.
esophagus - ANSWERS-takes food to stomach by peristalsis.
Trachea - ANSWERS-windpipe. infront of esophagus
peristalsis - ANSWERS-rhythmical contraction to move contents in tubular organs
bolus - ANSWERS-A term used to describe food after it has been chewed and mixed
with saliva
stomach - ANSWERS-the human stomach is acidic (pH 1.5-3) and digests most of the
protein from food. Lined with thick mucus to keep stomach things inside.
stomach walls - ANSWERS-have deep folds that disappear as the stomach fills to an
approximate volume of one liter. Epithelial lining has millions of gastric pits, which drain
gastric glands
Chyme - ANSWERS-food mixed with gastric juices
gastric pits - ANSWERS-Gastric glands that release secretions into the stomach
,pyloric sphincter - ANSWERS-Controls passage of food from stomach to small intestine.
when relaxes small amount of chyme goes to the small intestine
small intestine - ANSWERS-further digestion and absorption take place in the small
intestine. First place nutrients are absorbed a mucous membrane, has ridges and
furrows that give it a corrugated surface. Villi and microvilli increase surface area
villi - ANSWERS-Fingerlike extensions of the intestinal mucosa that increase the
surface area for absorption. contains blood capillaries and a lymphatic capillary
microvilli - ANSWERS-projections that increase the cell's surface area on the villi
large intestine - ANSWERS-includes cecum, colon, rectum, and anus. Larger in
diameter but shorter than small intestine. Absorbs water, salts, and some vitamins
Constipation - ANSWERS-feces are hardened because of excess water removal in the
colon
diarrhea - ANSWERS-not enough water is removed from the feces
accessory organs - ANSWERS-add secretions (enzymes) that catabolize food into
nutrients. salivary glands, liver, pancreas, gallbladder
salivary glands - ANSWERS-Glands of the mouth that produce saliva, a digestive
secretion
liver - ANSWERS-produces bile which is very alkaline and neutralizes. processes
vitamins and fats and synthesizes many plasma proteins
pancreas - ANSWERS-makes juices that neutralize the acidic chyme exiting the
stomach and contain enzymes needed to digest protein and carbohydrates
gallbladdr - ANSWERS-aids the liver by storing bile and concentrating bile salts
Where do animals get their energy? - ANSWERS-primary source= carbohydrates
mechanical digestion - ANSWERS-Physical breakdown of large pieces of food into
smaller pieces
propulsion - ANSWERS-the action of driving or pushing forward.
steps of digestion - ANSWERS-mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, propulsion,
and absorption
digestion - ANSWERS-digestible carbohydrates into glucose. then cellluar respiration
turns glucose and oxygen into ATP to fuel cell functions
, digestion - ANSWERS-starch and glycogen are broken down into glucose by amylase
and maltase (breaks glycogen). Sucrose (table sugar) and lactose (milk sugar) are
broken down by sucrase and lactase
protein digestion - ANSWERS-takes place in the stomach. pepsin helps digest. the
amino acids are absorbed into the bloodstream through the small intestines.
pepsin - ANSWERS-enzyme that plays an important roles in the digestion of proteins by
breaking down the intact protein to peptides, which are short chains of four to nine
amino acids
digestion lipids - ANSWERS-begins in the stomach( also mouth), but happens majorly
in the small intestine due to pancreatic lipase. Bile helps primarily triglycerides by
emulsification.
cephalic phase - ANSWERS-neural response to the stimulus provided by food. triggers
salivation and secretion of gastric juices to prepare the stomach to receive food
gastric phase - ANSWERS-begins once the food arrives in the stomach. Builds on
stimulation from the cephalic phase. Gastric acids and enzymes process the ingested
materials. the gastric phase is stimulated by:
1. distension of the stomach
2. pH drop of the gastric contents
3. presence of undigested material
intestinal phase - ANSWERS-begins when chyme enters the small intestine triggering
digestive secretions. this phase controls the rate of gastric emptying
Seses - ANSWERS-convert a stimulus into an electrical signak in the nervous system.
stimulus - ANSWERS-a signal to which an organism responds
sensory transduction - ANSWERS-the process by which sensory stimuli are transduced
into slow, graded receptor potentials
sensory receptors - ANSWERS-specialized cells associated with sensory neurons or
specialized ends of sensory neurons that are a part of the peripheral nervous system.
can be internal or external informaiton
receptive field - ANSWERS-the stimulus region and features that affect the activity of a
cell in a sensory system
senses - ANSWERS-olfaction (smell), gustation (taste, touch, vision, hearing,
equilibrium (balance and body position)
questions with detailed answers
cytokines - ANSWERS-Chemicals released by the immune system communicate with
the brain.
clonal expansion - ANSWERS-the rapid multiplication of B or T cell clones after
activation by an antigen
lymph nodes - ANSWERS-Bean-shaped filters that cluster along the lymphatic vessels
of the body. They function as a cleanser of lymph as wells as a site of T and B cell
activation
vaccination - ANSWERS-intiates the primary immune response
chronic inflammation - ANSWERS-continuous injury or irritation to tissue. can cause
damage to tissues
allergies - ANSWERS-immune system's over-reaction to antigen
autoimmunity - ANSWERS-immune system recognizes self antigen as being foreign-
results in tissue/organ damage
hypersensitivity - ANSWERS-an exaggerated response by the immune system to a
particular substance
immunodeficiency - ANSWERS-immune system with decreased or compromised
response to disease-causing organisms
primary - ANSWERS-genetic/developmental defect results in individual lacking in some
component of the immune system
acquired - ANSWERS-later in life
Incomplete Digestive Tract - ANSWERS-gastrovascular cavity- digestive tract with one
opening that takes in food and ejects wastes. Lacks specialized cells. jellyfish
complete digestive tract - ANSWERS-alimentary canal. digestive system that has two
openings, a mouth and an anus, that are at opposite ends of a continuous tube
gastrovascular cavity - ANSWERS-digestive chamber with a single opening
Alimenary canal - ANSWERS-two openings
,oral cavity - ANSWERS-mouth. food is chewed up and moistened by saliva
masticated - ANSWERS-to chew, to reduce to a pulp by crushing or kneading, as
rubber.
amylase - ANSWERS-Enzyme in saliva that breaks the chemical bonds in starches
lipase - ANSWERS-pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats. secreted by salivary
glands
tongue - ANSWERS-composed of striated muscle, mixes chewed food with saliva,
forms mixture into bolus
digestion in animals is... - ANSWERS-entirely extracellular. enzymes secreted by lining f
digestive tract and nearby glands
Pharynx - ANSWERS-back of mouth. where digestive and respiratory passages come
together. soft palate closes of nasopharynx, epiglottis covers opening in trachea and
keeps food from air passages
soft palatte - ANSWERS-close of nasopharynx
epiglottis - ANSWERS-A flap of tissue that seals off the windpipe and prevents food
from entering.
esophagus - ANSWERS-takes food to stomach by peristalsis.
Trachea - ANSWERS-windpipe. infront of esophagus
peristalsis - ANSWERS-rhythmical contraction to move contents in tubular organs
bolus - ANSWERS-A term used to describe food after it has been chewed and mixed
with saliva
stomach - ANSWERS-the human stomach is acidic (pH 1.5-3) and digests most of the
protein from food. Lined with thick mucus to keep stomach things inside.
stomach walls - ANSWERS-have deep folds that disappear as the stomach fills to an
approximate volume of one liter. Epithelial lining has millions of gastric pits, which drain
gastric glands
Chyme - ANSWERS-food mixed with gastric juices
gastric pits - ANSWERS-Gastric glands that release secretions into the stomach
,pyloric sphincter - ANSWERS-Controls passage of food from stomach to small intestine.
when relaxes small amount of chyme goes to the small intestine
small intestine - ANSWERS-further digestion and absorption take place in the small
intestine. First place nutrients are absorbed a mucous membrane, has ridges and
furrows that give it a corrugated surface. Villi and microvilli increase surface area
villi - ANSWERS-Fingerlike extensions of the intestinal mucosa that increase the
surface area for absorption. contains blood capillaries and a lymphatic capillary
microvilli - ANSWERS-projections that increase the cell's surface area on the villi
large intestine - ANSWERS-includes cecum, colon, rectum, and anus. Larger in
diameter but shorter than small intestine. Absorbs water, salts, and some vitamins
Constipation - ANSWERS-feces are hardened because of excess water removal in the
colon
diarrhea - ANSWERS-not enough water is removed from the feces
accessory organs - ANSWERS-add secretions (enzymes) that catabolize food into
nutrients. salivary glands, liver, pancreas, gallbladder
salivary glands - ANSWERS-Glands of the mouth that produce saliva, a digestive
secretion
liver - ANSWERS-produces bile which is very alkaline and neutralizes. processes
vitamins and fats and synthesizes many plasma proteins
pancreas - ANSWERS-makes juices that neutralize the acidic chyme exiting the
stomach and contain enzymes needed to digest protein and carbohydrates
gallbladdr - ANSWERS-aids the liver by storing bile and concentrating bile salts
Where do animals get their energy? - ANSWERS-primary source= carbohydrates
mechanical digestion - ANSWERS-Physical breakdown of large pieces of food into
smaller pieces
propulsion - ANSWERS-the action of driving or pushing forward.
steps of digestion - ANSWERS-mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, propulsion,
and absorption
digestion - ANSWERS-digestible carbohydrates into glucose. then cellluar respiration
turns glucose and oxygen into ATP to fuel cell functions
, digestion - ANSWERS-starch and glycogen are broken down into glucose by amylase
and maltase (breaks glycogen). Sucrose (table sugar) and lactose (milk sugar) are
broken down by sucrase and lactase
protein digestion - ANSWERS-takes place in the stomach. pepsin helps digest. the
amino acids are absorbed into the bloodstream through the small intestines.
pepsin - ANSWERS-enzyme that plays an important roles in the digestion of proteins by
breaking down the intact protein to peptides, which are short chains of four to nine
amino acids
digestion lipids - ANSWERS-begins in the stomach( also mouth), but happens majorly
in the small intestine due to pancreatic lipase. Bile helps primarily triglycerides by
emulsification.
cephalic phase - ANSWERS-neural response to the stimulus provided by food. triggers
salivation and secretion of gastric juices to prepare the stomach to receive food
gastric phase - ANSWERS-begins once the food arrives in the stomach. Builds on
stimulation from the cephalic phase. Gastric acids and enzymes process the ingested
materials. the gastric phase is stimulated by:
1. distension of the stomach
2. pH drop of the gastric contents
3. presence of undigested material
intestinal phase - ANSWERS-begins when chyme enters the small intestine triggering
digestive secretions. this phase controls the rate of gastric emptying
Seses - ANSWERS-convert a stimulus into an electrical signak in the nervous system.
stimulus - ANSWERS-a signal to which an organism responds
sensory transduction - ANSWERS-the process by which sensory stimuli are transduced
into slow, graded receptor potentials
sensory receptors - ANSWERS-specialized cells associated with sensory neurons or
specialized ends of sensory neurons that are a part of the peripheral nervous system.
can be internal or external informaiton
receptive field - ANSWERS-the stimulus region and features that affect the activity of a
cell in a sensory system
senses - ANSWERS-olfaction (smell), gustation (taste, touch, vision, hearing,
equilibrium (balance and body position)
