AP BIO EXAM REVIEW UNITS 1-6
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
what can denaturation be caused by? - Answer-heat or pH changes
competitive inhibitors - Answer-compete with the substrate for the active site
noncompetitive inhibitors - Answer-impede enzyme activity and make the active site
nonfunctional
feedback inhibition - Answer-increases the efficiency of the pathway by turning it off
glycolysis - Answer-oxidizes glucose (anaerobic)
catabolic pathways - Answer-molecules break down and energy is released
(fermentation and aerobic respiration)
OILRIG - Answer-oxidation is loss, reduction is gain
citric acid cycle - Answer-breaks down glucose and releases CO2
phosphofructokinase - Answer-an allosteric enzyme that regulates respiration
autotrophs - Answer-make their own food
heterotrophs - Answer-consume food from other organisms
light reactions occur in the... - Answer-thylakoid membranes
photophosphorylation - Answer-using chemiosmosis to add a phosphate group to ADP
calvin cycle - Answer-carbon enters as CO2 and leaves as a sugar
c4 photosynthesis - Answer-separates the two stages of photosynthesis into different
kinds of cells
cam photosynthesis - Answer-keeping stomata closed during the day to prevent
excessive water loss
reception - Answer-detection of a signal molecule from outside the cell
transduction - Answer-binding of the signal molecule to the intracellular domain that
converts the signal to bring about a specific cellular response
, response - Answer-specific cellular response to the signal molecule
ligand - Answer-signal molecule
GCPR - Answer-membrane receptor that works with the help of a G protein
protein phosphatase - Answer-enzymes that remove phosphate groups
second messenger examples - Answer-cyclic AMP and calcium ions
apoptosis - Answer-programmed cell death
negative-feedback systems - Answer-reverse the stimulus
positive-feedback systems - Answer-same direction as the stimulus
what are sister chromatids attached by? - Answer-the centromere
interphase - Answer-cell grows and duplicates its chromosomes
prophase - Answer-chromatin condenses, nucleoli disappear, spindle forms
prometaphase - Answer-nuclear envelope fragments and kinetochores appear
metaphase - Answer-chromosomes move to the metaphase plate
anaphase - Answer-sister chromatids separate and the cell elongates
telophase - Answer-nuclear envelope reforms and the cytoplasm is divided
asexual reproduction - Answer-single parent passes copies of all of its genes
sexual reproduction - Answer-two individuals contribute copies of their genes
somatic cells - Answer-all the cells that are not sex cells
sex chromosomes - Answer-X and Y
autosomes - Answer-all chromosomes besides X and Y
fertilization - Answer-combination of egg and sperm cells
crossing over - Answer-DNA from one homolog is exchanged with DNA from another
homolog
independent assortment - Answer-maternal and paternal chromosomes sort randomly
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
what can denaturation be caused by? - Answer-heat or pH changes
competitive inhibitors - Answer-compete with the substrate for the active site
noncompetitive inhibitors - Answer-impede enzyme activity and make the active site
nonfunctional
feedback inhibition - Answer-increases the efficiency of the pathway by turning it off
glycolysis - Answer-oxidizes glucose (anaerobic)
catabolic pathways - Answer-molecules break down and energy is released
(fermentation and aerobic respiration)
OILRIG - Answer-oxidation is loss, reduction is gain
citric acid cycle - Answer-breaks down glucose and releases CO2
phosphofructokinase - Answer-an allosteric enzyme that regulates respiration
autotrophs - Answer-make their own food
heterotrophs - Answer-consume food from other organisms
light reactions occur in the... - Answer-thylakoid membranes
photophosphorylation - Answer-using chemiosmosis to add a phosphate group to ADP
calvin cycle - Answer-carbon enters as CO2 and leaves as a sugar
c4 photosynthesis - Answer-separates the two stages of photosynthesis into different
kinds of cells
cam photosynthesis - Answer-keeping stomata closed during the day to prevent
excessive water loss
reception - Answer-detection of a signal molecule from outside the cell
transduction - Answer-binding of the signal molecule to the intracellular domain that
converts the signal to bring about a specific cellular response
, response - Answer-specific cellular response to the signal molecule
ligand - Answer-signal molecule
GCPR - Answer-membrane receptor that works with the help of a G protein
protein phosphatase - Answer-enzymes that remove phosphate groups
second messenger examples - Answer-cyclic AMP and calcium ions
apoptosis - Answer-programmed cell death
negative-feedback systems - Answer-reverse the stimulus
positive-feedback systems - Answer-same direction as the stimulus
what are sister chromatids attached by? - Answer-the centromere
interphase - Answer-cell grows and duplicates its chromosomes
prophase - Answer-chromatin condenses, nucleoli disappear, spindle forms
prometaphase - Answer-nuclear envelope fragments and kinetochores appear
metaphase - Answer-chromosomes move to the metaphase plate
anaphase - Answer-sister chromatids separate and the cell elongates
telophase - Answer-nuclear envelope reforms and the cytoplasm is divided
asexual reproduction - Answer-single parent passes copies of all of its genes
sexual reproduction - Answer-two individuals contribute copies of their genes
somatic cells - Answer-all the cells that are not sex cells
sex chromosomes - Answer-X and Y
autosomes - Answer-all chromosomes besides X and Y
fertilization - Answer-combination of egg and sperm cells
crossing over - Answer-DNA from one homolog is exchanged with DNA from another
homolog
independent assortment - Answer-maternal and paternal chromosomes sort randomly
