NURS 3366 PATHO EXAM 2
immediate, nonspecific and physical bar-
1st line of defense
ries
stop production of arachdonic acid, this
STEROIDS do what to arachdonic acid? stops PG production of BOTH protective
and proinflammatory
a fungal infection in the mouth and/or
thrush throat caused by Candida albicans and
manifesting as white patches and ulcers
inflammation, immediate and nonspecif-
2nd line of defense
ic
delayed, specific, immunocyte involv-
3rd line of defense
ment
desquamation of skin
1 Line of defense (LOD)examples blinking, tears into glands, skin and acid-
ity
What stressors(syndromes) breach 1 dry eye syndrome, sjogrens syndrome
LOD defense? (dries up all lubricating fluids)
mucus in nose and ears
1 LOD for respiratory system - cilia in bronchi
- cough reflex
cilia gone because of smoking
1 LOD respiratory system stressors
- cough reflex gone bc of head injury
- saliva
- stomach pH
1 LOD for GI
- gag reflex
- good microbes and defecation
- Sjogrens syndrome dries up mouth
1 LOD for GI stressors that can breach
- antibiotics in stomach changes bowel
defenses?
microbiome
- urinate bacteria
1 LOD for urinary - vagina slightly acidic
-
1 LOD Urinary stressors
, NURS 3366 PATHO EXAM 2
- decreased urine flow like kidney stones,
kidney failure
- vaginal pH changes
1. Tissue irritation, then
1st LOD is breached, 2 LOD is activated 2. Mast Cell degranulates
detail the first step? 3. releases histamine, leukotrienes and
proinflammatory prostaglandins
1. H.L.P release causes
2.Vasodilation and Increased Vascular
Permeability causes
1 LOD is breached, it is up to 2nd LOD. 3. SHEP is Swelling, Heat, Erythema and
2nd STEP Pain
What is the result of leukotriene,
histamine and proflammatory pros-
traglandins?
1 LOD is breached, 2nd LOD 1. Increased blood flow to site
3rd STEP 2. Neutrophils migrate to tissue
What is the result of 2nd step of vasodila- 3. Monocytes INSIDE tissue become
tion & increased vascular permeability? Macrophage
- Neutrophils phagocytize non-self dan-
1st LOD is breached, 2nd LOD gerous ANTIGENS like cancer or mi-
4th step crobes
What happens after Neutrophils and - Macrophages phagocytize and PRE-
Macrophages in tissues? SENT antigens to CD4 cells leading to
3rd LOD if needed
1. This triggers ACUTE PHASE REAC-
1st LOD is breached, 2nd LOD TANTS (2nd inflammatory reactors)
5th step 2. CRP, Complement Systemic
What happens AFTER phagocytization? Prostaglandins, Kinins ENHANCE
3. Clotting factors occur
- Opsonization (Coating bacteria)
What are some examples of functions of
- MAC complex pierce a hole in bacteria
COMPLEMENT proteins?
and blow them up with Osmosis
What are some examples of functions of
Kinins?
, NURS 3366 PATHO EXAM 2
- stimulate arachadonic acid metabolism,
catalyzing proinflammatory PG release
- enhances SHEP
- opsonization
What are some functions and IMPOR- - complement cascade trigger
TANCES of CRP? - HYPERINFLAMMATION diagnose
(rheumatoid arthritis)
1. APR causes 'Fuel on Fire'
1st LOD is breached, 2nd LOD 2. attracts neutrohpils, CD4, clotting fac-
6th step and FINAL tors
What happens as a result of Acute 3. opsonization, lysis
Phase reactants? 4. more pain, vasodilatin, permeability of
vessels
- hyperinflammation thats chronic; lasts
Inflammation only bad when... longer than 2 weeks
Examples? - Ex; Bacteria that cannot be opsonized
or irritants like a splinter, dust particles
1. Irritation disrupts metabolic pathway
2. Metabolic pathway disrupts, no ATP,
What is the entire concept map process 3. No atp then no energy
of 2nd LOD inflammation FOR causes 4. No energy then no NaK Pump
and moments prior? 5. Cells leaks fluids & intracellular sub-
tances
6. Mast cell dragnulation leaks HLP
7. HLP increases inflammatory mecha-
nisms
8. SHEP leads to vasodilation,
9. Vasodilation more permeability
What is the entire concept map process 10. More permeability leads to leaked
of 2nd LOD inflammation after mast cell plasma
degranulation? 11. Leaked Plasma leads to Clotting,
Neutrophils
12. Macrophages are on site in tissue
13. acute phase reactants FUEL ON
FIRE if needed
, NURS 3366 PATHO EXAM 2
- Leakiness and Vasodilation
NO MATTER What
- this always occur wherever inflamma-
if you see inflammation think of what?
tion happens in the body
- Mast in tissue degranulates
- Neutro circulating blood
Mast cell, Neutrophils, Macrophages, - Macro means theyre monocytes in tis-
sue then macrophages when inflamma-
tion
lymphyocytes T & B Cells in 3rd LOD
2nd LOD
Neutrophils and Macrophages - Neutro eats
- Macro eats and displays antigen
All these combinations of plasma leak-
age, dead tissue cells, phagocytes, mi- Exudate is the thick fluid
crobes, blood are called what?
1. Serous exudate
What are the 3 types of exudate? 2. Seroanguinous
3. Purulent
What is Serous exudate? clear gold color, little microbe involvment
little microbe involvment, BLOOD, so
What is serosanguinous exudate?
reddish color
- infection
- pus
What is purulent? - whittish, yellowish
- microbe and WBC involvment because
of dead microbes and WBC
attract phagocytes to area of inflamma-
chemotactic factors tion
- attracts CD4 cells and T cells
- 2nd LOD secrets Chemotactic sub-
This occurs after 2nd LOD.
stances to call T cells
If 2nd LOD is fighting viruses or bacteria,
- Macrophages displays antigen remnant
3rd LOD of defense is called
- 3rd LOD creates memory and immunity
- clotting factors, platelets, fibrin
- these factors heals the tissue
immediate, nonspecific and physical bar-
1st line of defense
ries
stop production of arachdonic acid, this
STEROIDS do what to arachdonic acid? stops PG production of BOTH protective
and proinflammatory
a fungal infection in the mouth and/or
thrush throat caused by Candida albicans and
manifesting as white patches and ulcers
inflammation, immediate and nonspecif-
2nd line of defense
ic
delayed, specific, immunocyte involv-
3rd line of defense
ment
desquamation of skin
1 Line of defense (LOD)examples blinking, tears into glands, skin and acid-
ity
What stressors(syndromes) breach 1 dry eye syndrome, sjogrens syndrome
LOD defense? (dries up all lubricating fluids)
mucus in nose and ears
1 LOD for respiratory system - cilia in bronchi
- cough reflex
cilia gone because of smoking
1 LOD respiratory system stressors
- cough reflex gone bc of head injury
- saliva
- stomach pH
1 LOD for GI
- gag reflex
- good microbes and defecation
- Sjogrens syndrome dries up mouth
1 LOD for GI stressors that can breach
- antibiotics in stomach changes bowel
defenses?
microbiome
- urinate bacteria
1 LOD for urinary - vagina slightly acidic
-
1 LOD Urinary stressors
, NURS 3366 PATHO EXAM 2
- decreased urine flow like kidney stones,
kidney failure
- vaginal pH changes
1. Tissue irritation, then
1st LOD is breached, 2 LOD is activated 2. Mast Cell degranulates
detail the first step? 3. releases histamine, leukotrienes and
proinflammatory prostaglandins
1. H.L.P release causes
2.Vasodilation and Increased Vascular
Permeability causes
1 LOD is breached, it is up to 2nd LOD. 3. SHEP is Swelling, Heat, Erythema and
2nd STEP Pain
What is the result of leukotriene,
histamine and proflammatory pros-
traglandins?
1 LOD is breached, 2nd LOD 1. Increased blood flow to site
3rd STEP 2. Neutrophils migrate to tissue
What is the result of 2nd step of vasodila- 3. Monocytes INSIDE tissue become
tion & increased vascular permeability? Macrophage
- Neutrophils phagocytize non-self dan-
1st LOD is breached, 2nd LOD gerous ANTIGENS like cancer or mi-
4th step crobes
What happens after Neutrophils and - Macrophages phagocytize and PRE-
Macrophages in tissues? SENT antigens to CD4 cells leading to
3rd LOD if needed
1. This triggers ACUTE PHASE REAC-
1st LOD is breached, 2nd LOD TANTS (2nd inflammatory reactors)
5th step 2. CRP, Complement Systemic
What happens AFTER phagocytization? Prostaglandins, Kinins ENHANCE
3. Clotting factors occur
- Opsonization (Coating bacteria)
What are some examples of functions of
- MAC complex pierce a hole in bacteria
COMPLEMENT proteins?
and blow them up with Osmosis
What are some examples of functions of
Kinins?
, NURS 3366 PATHO EXAM 2
- stimulate arachadonic acid metabolism,
catalyzing proinflammatory PG release
- enhances SHEP
- opsonization
What are some functions and IMPOR- - complement cascade trigger
TANCES of CRP? - HYPERINFLAMMATION diagnose
(rheumatoid arthritis)
1. APR causes 'Fuel on Fire'
1st LOD is breached, 2nd LOD 2. attracts neutrohpils, CD4, clotting fac-
6th step and FINAL tors
What happens as a result of Acute 3. opsonization, lysis
Phase reactants? 4. more pain, vasodilatin, permeability of
vessels
- hyperinflammation thats chronic; lasts
Inflammation only bad when... longer than 2 weeks
Examples? - Ex; Bacteria that cannot be opsonized
or irritants like a splinter, dust particles
1. Irritation disrupts metabolic pathway
2. Metabolic pathway disrupts, no ATP,
What is the entire concept map process 3. No atp then no energy
of 2nd LOD inflammation FOR causes 4. No energy then no NaK Pump
and moments prior? 5. Cells leaks fluids & intracellular sub-
tances
6. Mast cell dragnulation leaks HLP
7. HLP increases inflammatory mecha-
nisms
8. SHEP leads to vasodilation,
9. Vasodilation more permeability
What is the entire concept map process 10. More permeability leads to leaked
of 2nd LOD inflammation after mast cell plasma
degranulation? 11. Leaked Plasma leads to Clotting,
Neutrophils
12. Macrophages are on site in tissue
13. acute phase reactants FUEL ON
FIRE if needed
, NURS 3366 PATHO EXAM 2
- Leakiness and Vasodilation
NO MATTER What
- this always occur wherever inflamma-
if you see inflammation think of what?
tion happens in the body
- Mast in tissue degranulates
- Neutro circulating blood
Mast cell, Neutrophils, Macrophages, - Macro means theyre monocytes in tis-
sue then macrophages when inflamma-
tion
lymphyocytes T & B Cells in 3rd LOD
2nd LOD
Neutrophils and Macrophages - Neutro eats
- Macro eats and displays antigen
All these combinations of plasma leak-
age, dead tissue cells, phagocytes, mi- Exudate is the thick fluid
crobes, blood are called what?
1. Serous exudate
What are the 3 types of exudate? 2. Seroanguinous
3. Purulent
What is Serous exudate? clear gold color, little microbe involvment
little microbe involvment, BLOOD, so
What is serosanguinous exudate?
reddish color
- infection
- pus
What is purulent? - whittish, yellowish
- microbe and WBC involvment because
of dead microbes and WBC
attract phagocytes to area of inflamma-
chemotactic factors tion
- attracts CD4 cells and T cells
- 2nd LOD secrets Chemotactic sub-
This occurs after 2nd LOD.
stances to call T cells
If 2nd LOD is fighting viruses or bacteria,
- Macrophages displays antigen remnant
3rd LOD of defense is called
- 3rd LOD creates memory and immunity
- clotting factors, platelets, fibrin
- these factors heals the tissue
