Solution Manual for Statistics for Nursing Research A Workbook for Evidence-Based Practice 3rd Edition Susan Grove Daisha

SolutionManualfor
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StatisticsforNursing
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Research A
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Workbookfor
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Evidence-Based
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Practice 3rd Edition
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SusanGroveDaisha
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, Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded v v v v v v




EXERCISE
Identifying Levels v




1
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ofMeasurement: Nominal,
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v Ordinal, Interval, and Ratio v v v




The questions are in bold followed by answers.
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1. In Table 1, identify the level of measurement for the current therapy variable. Provide a
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rationale for your answer.
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Answer: The current therapy variable was measured at the nominal level. These drug
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categories were probably developed to be exhaustive for this study and included the categories of
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drugs the subjects were receiving. However, the categories are not exclusive, since patients are
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usually on more than one category of these drugs to manage their health problems. The current
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therapies are not measured at the ordinal level because they cannot be rank ordered, since no drug
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category can be considered more or less beneficial than another drug category (see Figure 1-1;
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Grove & Gray, 2019).
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2. What is the mode for the current therapy variable in this study? Provide a rationale
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foryour answer.
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Answer: The mode for current therapy was β blocker. A total of 100 (94%) of the cardiac patients
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were receiving this category of drug, which was the most common prescribed drug for
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thissample.
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3. What statistics were conducted to describe the BMI of the cardiac patients in this
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sample?Discuss whether these analysis techniques were appropriate or inappropriate.
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Answer: BMI was described with a mean and standard deviation (SD). BMI measurement resulted in
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ratio-level data with continuous values and an absolute zero (Stone & Frazier, 2017). Ratio- level
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data should be analyzed with parametric statistics such as the mean and SD (Grove & Gray, 2017;
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Knapp, 2017).
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4. Researchers used the following item to measure registered nurses’ (RNs) income in a v v v v v v v v v v v v




study:What category identifies your current income as an RN?
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a. Less than $50,000
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b. $50,000 to 59,999
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c. $60,000 to 69,999
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d. $70,000 to 80,000
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e. $80,000 or greater
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What level of measurement is this income variable? Does the income variable follow the
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rules outlined in Figure 1-1? Provide a rationale for your answer.
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Answer: In this example, the income variable is measured at the ordinal level. The income catego- ries
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are exhaustive, ranging from less than $50,000 to greater than $80,000. The two open-ended
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AG 1-1 v

,AG 1-2 v Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded v v v v v v




categories ensure that all salary levels are covered. The categories are not exclusive, since catego-ries
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(d) and (e) include an $80,000 salary, so study participants making $80,000 might mark either (d)
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or (e) or both categories, resulting in erroneous data. Category (e) could be changed to greater
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than $80,000, making the categories exclusive. The categories can be rank ordered from the lowest
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salary to the highest salary, which is consistent with ordinal data (Grove & Gray, 2019; Waltz et al.,
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2017).
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5. What level of measurement is the CDS score? Provide a rationale for your answer.
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Answer: The CDS score is at the interval level of measurement. The CDS is a 26-item Likert scale
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developed to measure depression in cardiac patients. Study participants rated their symp- toms on a
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scale of 1 to 7, with higher numbers indicating increased severity in the depression symptoms. The
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total scores for each subject obtained from this multi-item scale are considered to be at the interval
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level of measurement (Gray et al., 2017; Waltz et al., 2017).
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6. Were nonparametric or parametric analysis techniques used to analyze the CDS scores forthe
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cardiac patients in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
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Answer: Parametric statistics, such as mean and SD, were conducted to describe CDS
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vscoresfor study participants (see Table 1). CDS scores are interval-level data as indicated in Questions
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5, so parametric statistics are appropriate for this level of data (Gray et al., 2017; Kim & Mallory, 2017).
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7. Is the prevalence of depression linked to the NYHA class? Discuss the clinical importance of
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this result.
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Answer: The study narrative indicated that the prevalence of depression increased with the greater
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NYHA class. In NYHA class III, 64% of the subjects were depressed, whereas 11% of thesubjects were
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depressed in NYHA class I. Thus, as the NYHA class increased, the number of sub- jects with
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depression increased. This is an expected finding because as the NYHA class increases, cardiac
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patients have more severe physical symptoms, which usually result in emotional distress, such as
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depression. Nurses need to actively assess cardiac patients for depression, especially thosein higher
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NYHA classes, so they might be diagnosed and treated as needed.
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8. What frequency and percent of cardiac patients in this study were not being treated with an
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antidepressant? Show your calculations and round your answer to the nearest whole percent
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(%).
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Answer: A total of 106 cardiac patients participated in this study. The sample included 15
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patients who were receiving an antidepressant (see Table 1). The number of cardiac patients not
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treated for depression was 91 (106 – 15 = 91). The group percent is calculated by the
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vfollowing formula: (group frequency ÷ total sample size) × 100%. For this study, (91 v v v v v v v v v v v v v




patients ÷ 106 sample size) × 100% = 0.858 × 100% = 85.8% = 86%. The final answer is
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rounded to the nearest whole percent as directed in the question. You could have also
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subtracted the 14% of patients treated with antidepressants from 100% and obtained the 86% who
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were not treated with an antidepressant.
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9. What was the purpose of the 6-minute walk test (6MWT)? Would the 6MWT be useful in
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clinical practice?
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Answer: Ha et al. (2018) stated, ―The 6-min walk test (6MWT) is a measure of the
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submaximal, steady-state functional capacity‖ of cardiac patients. This test would be a quick, easy
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way to determine a cardiac patient’s functional status in a clinical setting. This functional
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status score could be used to determine the treatment plan to promote or maintain functional
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statusof cardiac patients.
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, Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded
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10. How was exercise confidence measured in this study? What was the level of measurementfor
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the exercise confidence variable in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer. Answer:
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Exercise confidence of the patients with heart failure (HF) in this study was measuredwith the
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Exercise Confidence Scale that included four subscales focused on walking, climbing,lifting
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objects of graded weight, and running (see the study narrative). This was a rating scalewith
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values ranging from 0 to 100. The patients’ scores for the Total Exercise Confidence scaleand the
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subscales were considered interval-level data and analyzed with parametric statistics,such as
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means and SDs(see the study narrative; Waltz et al., 2017).
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