QUIZ #2:KHP 240 100%grantee A+

QUIZ #2:KHP 240 100%grantee A+ Describe the importance (overall) of carbohydrates as substrate. - ANSWERSprimary energy source during exercise monosaccharides - ANSWERSSingle sugar molecules disaccharides - ANSWERSCarbohydrates that are made up of two monosaccharides polysaccharides - ANSWERSCarbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides what must first happen to galactose and fructose before it can be oxidized for ATP synthesis? - ANSWERSMust be converted to glucose in the liver (slow energy source) soluble fiber - ANSWERS-slows down digestion-feel full for a long time -fermented by bacteria -binds to cholesterol in S.I. Ex. oats, carrots, potatoes. insoluble fiber - ANSWERS-+ bulk (attracts H2O) since it does this it increases attraction of carsogenosens and scrap the wall to clean -decreases fecal transit time -softer/larger stool; promotes bowel movement Ex. whole grains, nuts, green beans which type of dietary fiber is known to decrease cholesterol, blood glucose, and decrease risk of obesity and diabetes? - ANSWERSsoluble fiber which type of dietary fiber is associated with reduced risk of colon cancer by reducing the exposure of toxic substances that develop as a by-product of digestion? - ANSWERSInsoluble fiber what are the dietary fiber recommendations for men: women 19-50 yrs old - ANSWERS38g: 25g what are the dietary fiber recommendations for men: women 50 yrs of age - ANSWERS30g: 21g Glycemic Index (GI) - ANSWERS-amount that food causes your blood glucose to rise -increases in blood glucose and insulin in response to isolated food -the greater the glucose response= increase in GI -high 70 -low 55 Glycemic Load (GL) - ANSWERS-takes into account amount of CHO consumed -may not truly reflect glycemic effect of food (We don't eat foods in isolation) -GL=(GI x CHO content g/serving) /100 -high or = 20 -medium 11-19 -low or = 10 what is gluten - ANSWERSstructural protein naturally found in certain cereal grains. often refers to wheat protein, in medical literature refers to combination of prolamin and glutelin proteins naturally occurring in all grains what is celiac disease and what effect does it have on nutrient absorption? - ANSWERSan autoimmune disorder of the S.I. Caused by rxn to gluten, when eaten the body produces an inflammatory rxn which truncates (shortens) the villi of the S.I. therefore, impairing nutrient absorption why wouldn't AMDR for CHO (45-65%) be sufficient for endurance athletes? - ANSWERSbecause they wouldn't be able to produce the proper amount of glycogen that is needed during high intensity long duration X time trial - ANSWERSwhich times how long it takes for someone to complete a set task work - ANSWERShow much work can someone do in a set period time exhaustion - ANSWERShow long someone can sustain work at a given workload before fatigue Aerobic capacity (VO2 max) - ANSWERSmaximal O2 consumption; maximum amount of O2 used per minute/kg BW Anaerobic threshold - ANSWERSat what intensity does someone start using glycolysis for energy production about how long would an athlete's muscle glycogen sustain exercise at 120% of their VO2 max - ANSWERSless than 20 mins describe what happens to liver glucose output with increasing X intensity - ANSWERSIncreases only with prolonged X would liver glucose output decrease. This is due to increased glucose utilization by the muscle Why does liver glucose output increase with X intensity - ANSWERSIn order to keep up with increasing glucose utilization by the exercising muscle, and to maintain blood glucose concentrations, the liver will increase glucose output. where are the body's glucose depots - ANSWERSliver and skeletal muscle what are the fates of glucose once it has entered a muscle cell - ANSWERScan be oxidized for ATP synthesis or stored as glycogen once it enters the muscle cells. Glucose becomes trapped and cannot leave the cell what are the fates of glucose once it has entered a liver cell - ANSWERSit gets converted into glycogen and then stored as fat in adipose tissue, or be stored as liver glycogen, or released through the blood to be sent to other tissues, it can leave the cell after being converted back into glucose what is gluconeogenesis - ANSWERSthe making of glucose Where does gluconeogenesis occur - ANSWERSliver insulin promotes - ANSWERShepatic glucose uptake and stimulates glycogen synthesis insulin inhibits - ANSWERSglucogenesis glucagon promotes - ANSWERSglycogenesis, stimulates liver glycogenolysis and release of glucose glucagon inhibits - ANSWERSglycolysis catecholamines; epinephrine; norepinephrine promotes - ANSWERSglucogenesis, stimulates liver glycogenolysis and release of glucose catecholamines; epinephrine; norepinephrine inhibits - ANSWERSprevents release of insulin what situation stimulate gluconeogenesis - ANSWERSincreased exercise duration and intensity what situation inhibit glyconeogenesis - ANSWERSafter CHO consumption explain effects of insulin on blood glucose concentration and glycogen concentration - ANSWERSused to keep the blood glucose from getting too high. therefor it promotes transportation of blood glucose into hepatocytes where it's converted to glycogen which would increase concentration of glycogen explain effects of glucagon on blood glucose concentration and glycogen concentration - ANSWERSprimary role is to keep from allowing blood glucose levels to drop too low. Stimulate the conversion of stored glycogen to glucose, which can be released into bloodstream which decreased concentration of glycogen. how does insulin exert its effects - ANSWERSpromotes tissue uptake of glucose