NCTRC EXAM SET 2
Fixed-ratio reinforcement - Correct Answers -schedules cause steady, high response
rates, with short pauses after reinforcement
Variable-ratio schedules - Correct Answers -are unpredictable, produce steady, high
response rates, as in gambling
Fixed-interval schedules - Correct Answers -create high response rates late in the
interval, but slower rates right after reinforcement
Variable-interval schedules - Correct Answers -reinforce after unpredictable lengths of
time following responses, cause steady, slow response rates
The Premack Principle - Correct Answers -states that pairing an undesirable stimulus
with a desirable/reinforcing stimulus makes the undesirable thing more
reinforcing/desirable. This is applied in behavior modification to increase
preference/decrease aversion. For example, a child who hates broccoli but loves
cheese may be enticed to eat broccoli by serving it with cheese sauce
Discuss some aspects of leisure education that TRSs can provide for clients with
chronic fatigue syndrome - Correct Answers -TRSs provide leisure education to clients
through both individualized sessions and support groups. They promote information
access regarding workplace and home coping strategies and support groups, and help
them develop coping strategies, increase acceptance of the condition, and decrease
anxiety. TRSs teach clients both to balance their physical activity and appreciate that
despite their intense fatigue, which can discourage them from exercising, regular
appropriate exercise actually affords numerous benefits. TRSs cultivate client
engagement in social interactions and activities, offering support and minimizing
depression and isolation secondary to their diagnosis. They introduce clients to the
benefits of, and instruct them in, journaling and other passive leisure activities
Discuss the significance of TRS and client involvement in regular safety and emergency
practices - Correct Answers -make sure that staff and clients are prepared for
emergencies and security and safety threats as well. The increasing cultural diversity of
American communities includes growing numbers of residents with impaired mobility,
older ages, and associated impairments. This makes it vital for TRSs to advocate for
inclusive preparations for security, safety, and risk prevention and management, and to
pursue continuing education and training in these areas
,Leisure Education - Correct Answers -enables TR clients to gain knowledge and
develop decision-making skills and attitudes needed for ideal leisure functioning. This
includes developing client psychomotor, cognitive, and affective skills for participating in
leisure experiences/activities. Leisure education also includes providing information,
such as how and where to locate community leisure resources and facilities, including
those accessible to people with various disabilities
Leisure Counseling - Correct Answers -entails personal development more than
educational information. TRSs use specialized therapeutic and counseling skills proven
instrumental for changing behaviors, attitudes, and/or thinking. Hence, when a TRS
helps a client to eliminate personal barriers that interfere with leisure experiences, this
process is more correctly termed leisure counseling than leisure education. As
examples, TRSs might use behavior modification to eliminate/reduce agoraphobia
impeding community leisure participation
Discuss some ways in which the leisure education that TRSs provide can benefit clients
with blindness/impaired vision and those with deafness/impaired hearing - Correct
Answers -In addition to helping clients with vision and hearing impairments develop the
skills for and access participation in competitive sports events that are designed taking
these sensory deficits into account, TRSs also help them adapt to different sports and
achieve integration into community-based sports programs. They also offer leisure
education programs that introduce blind/visually impaired clients to magnifying devices,
books with large print published by the American Printing House for the Blind, Braille
books, etc., to encourage them to initiate self-directed leisure experiences
Identify some goals, practices, and benefits of leisure education with older adults -
Correct Answers -Leisure education with older adults helps them make choices, making
them more likely to participate, be physically active, and practice lifelong sports and/or
hobbies. Aging adults' motivations for self-directed leisure participation include spiritual
wellbeing through meaningful commitments and contributions to others, satisfaction,
cognitive stimulation, adventure, physical wellbeing, health, and companionship. Leisure
education provides information and skills for such autonomous pursuits. Studies find
leisure education contributes to life satisfaction by promoting feelings of independence
and personal competence. It exposes seniors to social services resources for medical
care, health and nutrition advice, money management, transportation, etc. Leisure
education improves senior brain fitness. Community stroke support groups use leisure
education formats to promote resource awareness, social contacts,
adaptations/modifications to prior leisure interests, health, and wellbeing for patients,
caregivers, and families
Discuss several aspects of leisure education, including barriers and methods of
eliminating them, required leisure skills, and benefits - Correct Answers -Leisure
activities prevent boredom in all ages, delinquency in minors, deterioration in the aging,
and contribute to quality of life. People encounter financial, temporal, health, social,
cultural, experiential, and other barriers to leisure participation. People with disabilities
especially experience leisure barriers due to complex daily living function challenges.
, TRSs help clients acquire knowledge, decision-making skills, and attitudes for optimum
leisure function, typically including program components developing psychomotor,
cognitive, and affective skills fundamental to engaging in different social and
recreational experiences. Studies show leisure education improves appropriate
expression and independence across settings and populations including abuse victims,
trauma survivors, individuals with developmental and physical disabilities, aging adults,
and prison inmates. Benefits include longer, more frequent leisure participation and
improved quality of life, self determination, self esteem, problem solving skills, decision
making skills, personal competence, locus of control, and perceived freedom
Describe some ways that TRSs can use leisure education to assist clients with
muscular dystrophy and arthritis in participating in leisure and recreation programs -
Correct Answers -Children and adults with muscular dystrophy have to adjust spending
long periods of time in bed rest and sitting in wheelchairs. TRSs can provide leisure
education that will help them adjust to these changes by developing their skills for and
interests in leisure activities in which they can participate. These activities include
writing in journals; using the internet to join and interact with support groups; activating
TVs, toys, and other appliances that are equipped with remote controls by using light-
touch equipment; expressing themselves through painting, drawing, soft sculpture, and
other forms of art work; and playing cognitive games engaging their attention and
interest without taxing them physically
Explain how assistive device and toy technology like adapted remote controls and
microswitch controls can improve the functioning of individuals with disabilities - Correct
Answers -Researchers into the use of assistive technology by individuals with various
disabilities have reported these people gained greater physical wellbeing,
independence, better functioning in ADLs, and more access to self-determined leisure
and social opportunities. Wheelchairs and other adaptive devices enable access to
transportation, education, and employment; adaptive toys provide children more leisure
options. Studies with microswitch-based equipment and programs have found
participants demonostrated enhanced moods and manipulation responses. In one
individual example, a young wheelchair-bound woman with profound intellectual
disability, hearing impairment, and diplegia enjoyed watching TV, but had no control
over it. A residential facility professional procured her an adaptive remote control with
very large buttons, placed on her wheelchair's lap tray. With the palm of one hand she
could turn the TV on, off, change channels, and adjust the volume. This freed staff from
TV duties; eliminated her dependence on them for this leisure activity; reduced boredom
and frustration; and afforded her greater control, choice, autonomy, enjoyment, and a
significant leisure asset for her transition to community living
Discuss some of the ways in which assistive technology offers therapeutic benefits -
Correct Answers -Efficacy research studies have found that computerized TR programs
and leisure education programs are effective for enabling youth with intellectual,
psychological, and behavioral disorders to acquire social skills knowledge. These
programs have the advantage of being interactive, engaging participants, and affording
the opportunity to learn autonomously at their own paces, increasing independence,
Fixed-ratio reinforcement - Correct Answers -schedules cause steady, high response
rates, with short pauses after reinforcement
Variable-ratio schedules - Correct Answers -are unpredictable, produce steady, high
response rates, as in gambling
Fixed-interval schedules - Correct Answers -create high response rates late in the
interval, but slower rates right after reinforcement
Variable-interval schedules - Correct Answers -reinforce after unpredictable lengths of
time following responses, cause steady, slow response rates
The Premack Principle - Correct Answers -states that pairing an undesirable stimulus
with a desirable/reinforcing stimulus makes the undesirable thing more
reinforcing/desirable. This is applied in behavior modification to increase
preference/decrease aversion. For example, a child who hates broccoli but loves
cheese may be enticed to eat broccoli by serving it with cheese sauce
Discuss some aspects of leisure education that TRSs can provide for clients with
chronic fatigue syndrome - Correct Answers -TRSs provide leisure education to clients
through both individualized sessions and support groups. They promote information
access regarding workplace and home coping strategies and support groups, and help
them develop coping strategies, increase acceptance of the condition, and decrease
anxiety. TRSs teach clients both to balance their physical activity and appreciate that
despite their intense fatigue, which can discourage them from exercising, regular
appropriate exercise actually affords numerous benefits. TRSs cultivate client
engagement in social interactions and activities, offering support and minimizing
depression and isolation secondary to their diagnosis. They introduce clients to the
benefits of, and instruct them in, journaling and other passive leisure activities
Discuss the significance of TRS and client involvement in regular safety and emergency
practices - Correct Answers -make sure that staff and clients are prepared for
emergencies and security and safety threats as well. The increasing cultural diversity of
American communities includes growing numbers of residents with impaired mobility,
older ages, and associated impairments. This makes it vital for TRSs to advocate for
inclusive preparations for security, safety, and risk prevention and management, and to
pursue continuing education and training in these areas
,Leisure Education - Correct Answers -enables TR clients to gain knowledge and
develop decision-making skills and attitudes needed for ideal leisure functioning. This
includes developing client psychomotor, cognitive, and affective skills for participating in
leisure experiences/activities. Leisure education also includes providing information,
such as how and where to locate community leisure resources and facilities, including
those accessible to people with various disabilities
Leisure Counseling - Correct Answers -entails personal development more than
educational information. TRSs use specialized therapeutic and counseling skills proven
instrumental for changing behaviors, attitudes, and/or thinking. Hence, when a TRS
helps a client to eliminate personal barriers that interfere with leisure experiences, this
process is more correctly termed leisure counseling than leisure education. As
examples, TRSs might use behavior modification to eliminate/reduce agoraphobia
impeding community leisure participation
Discuss some ways in which the leisure education that TRSs provide can benefit clients
with blindness/impaired vision and those with deafness/impaired hearing - Correct
Answers -In addition to helping clients with vision and hearing impairments develop the
skills for and access participation in competitive sports events that are designed taking
these sensory deficits into account, TRSs also help them adapt to different sports and
achieve integration into community-based sports programs. They also offer leisure
education programs that introduce blind/visually impaired clients to magnifying devices,
books with large print published by the American Printing House for the Blind, Braille
books, etc., to encourage them to initiate self-directed leisure experiences
Identify some goals, practices, and benefits of leisure education with older adults -
Correct Answers -Leisure education with older adults helps them make choices, making
them more likely to participate, be physically active, and practice lifelong sports and/or
hobbies. Aging adults' motivations for self-directed leisure participation include spiritual
wellbeing through meaningful commitments and contributions to others, satisfaction,
cognitive stimulation, adventure, physical wellbeing, health, and companionship. Leisure
education provides information and skills for such autonomous pursuits. Studies find
leisure education contributes to life satisfaction by promoting feelings of independence
and personal competence. It exposes seniors to social services resources for medical
care, health and nutrition advice, money management, transportation, etc. Leisure
education improves senior brain fitness. Community stroke support groups use leisure
education formats to promote resource awareness, social contacts,
adaptations/modifications to prior leisure interests, health, and wellbeing for patients,
caregivers, and families
Discuss several aspects of leisure education, including barriers and methods of
eliminating them, required leisure skills, and benefits - Correct Answers -Leisure
activities prevent boredom in all ages, delinquency in minors, deterioration in the aging,
and contribute to quality of life. People encounter financial, temporal, health, social,
cultural, experiential, and other barriers to leisure participation. People with disabilities
especially experience leisure barriers due to complex daily living function challenges.
, TRSs help clients acquire knowledge, decision-making skills, and attitudes for optimum
leisure function, typically including program components developing psychomotor,
cognitive, and affective skills fundamental to engaging in different social and
recreational experiences. Studies show leisure education improves appropriate
expression and independence across settings and populations including abuse victims,
trauma survivors, individuals with developmental and physical disabilities, aging adults,
and prison inmates. Benefits include longer, more frequent leisure participation and
improved quality of life, self determination, self esteem, problem solving skills, decision
making skills, personal competence, locus of control, and perceived freedom
Describe some ways that TRSs can use leisure education to assist clients with
muscular dystrophy and arthritis in participating in leisure and recreation programs -
Correct Answers -Children and adults with muscular dystrophy have to adjust spending
long periods of time in bed rest and sitting in wheelchairs. TRSs can provide leisure
education that will help them adjust to these changes by developing their skills for and
interests in leisure activities in which they can participate. These activities include
writing in journals; using the internet to join and interact with support groups; activating
TVs, toys, and other appliances that are equipped with remote controls by using light-
touch equipment; expressing themselves through painting, drawing, soft sculpture, and
other forms of art work; and playing cognitive games engaging their attention and
interest without taxing them physically
Explain how assistive device and toy technology like adapted remote controls and
microswitch controls can improve the functioning of individuals with disabilities - Correct
Answers -Researchers into the use of assistive technology by individuals with various
disabilities have reported these people gained greater physical wellbeing,
independence, better functioning in ADLs, and more access to self-determined leisure
and social opportunities. Wheelchairs and other adaptive devices enable access to
transportation, education, and employment; adaptive toys provide children more leisure
options. Studies with microswitch-based equipment and programs have found
participants demonostrated enhanced moods and manipulation responses. In one
individual example, a young wheelchair-bound woman with profound intellectual
disability, hearing impairment, and diplegia enjoyed watching TV, but had no control
over it. A residential facility professional procured her an adaptive remote control with
very large buttons, placed on her wheelchair's lap tray. With the palm of one hand she
could turn the TV on, off, change channels, and adjust the volume. This freed staff from
TV duties; eliminated her dependence on them for this leisure activity; reduced boredom
and frustration; and afforded her greater control, choice, autonomy, enjoyment, and a
significant leisure asset for her transition to community living
Discuss some of the ways in which assistive technology offers therapeutic benefits -
Correct Answers -Efficacy research studies have found that computerized TR programs
and leisure education programs are effective for enabling youth with intellectual,
psychological, and behavioral disorders to acquire social skills knowledge. These
programs have the advantage of being interactive, engaging participants, and affording
the opportunity to learn autonomously at their own paces, increasing independence,
