NUR 529 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Edema can be defined as palpable swelling
produced by expansion of the interstitial fluid
volume. How do you assess it?
Daily weight, visual assessment, measurement of
affected part, application of finger to assess pitting
edema. (1L = 2.2lbs)
Treatment of Edema
directed toward maintaining life when the swelling
involves vital structures, correcting or controlling
the cause, and preventing tissue injury. Edema of
the lower extremities may respond to simple
measures such as elevating feet, diuretic therapy
is commonly used for an increase ECF.
Albumin may be administered to raise the plasma
colloidal osmotic pressure when they cause of
edema is hypoalbuminemia.
Elastic support stockings and sleeves increase
interstitial fluid pressure and resistance to outward
movement of fluid from the capillary into tissue
spaces.
Mod. to severity tx. light pressure massage,
,compress garments, pumps, ROM excersices, skin
care to prevent infection.
Describe Respiratory system acting as an Acid
Base Buffer
Control of extracellular CO2 by the lungs. Only
comes into play when chemical buffers do not
minimize the H changes. Only about 50 to 75%
effective as a buffer system, occurring within
minutes and is maximal within 12-24hrs. In acting
rapidly, it prevents large changes from PH from
occurring while waiting for the much more slowly
reacting kidneys. (2nd buffer)
Describe Renal system acting as an Acid Base
Buffer
Third line of defense in acid-base plays 3 major
roles: 1st is through excretion of H ions from fixed
acids that result from protein and lipid metabolism.
2nd is accomplished through the reabsorption of
HCO3 that is filtered through the glomerulus, so it
is not lost in the urine. 3rd the production of new
HCO3 that is released back into the blood
Treatment of Infectious disease
May include antimicrobial agents, immunologic w.
antibodies (vaccines or substance to improve host
immunity), may even need surgery.
Diagnosis of infectious disease has 2 criterias
,the recovery of a probable pathogen or some
evidence of its presence from the infected sites of
a diseased host and accurate documentation of
clinical signs and symptoms compatible with an
infectious process.
Diagnosis types: Culture
refers to the growth of a microorganism outside of
the body, usually on or in artificial growth based on
microscopic appearance and gram stain reaction,
shape, texture, color (morphology) or the colonies
by panel of biochemical reactions .
Fungi and mycoplasmas are cultured much of the
same way as bacteria but with more reliance on
microscopic and colonial morphology for
identification. Some fungi can take weeks to grow.
In the setting of an acute infection it is important
that cultures are obtained prior to antibiotic
adminstration. (can't ID it in culture of sepsis in
33% of ppl)
Diagnosis types: Serology
ID the infectious agent by measuring serum
antibodies in the diseased host. Tentative dx can
be made if the antibody level, aslo called the titer.
rises during the acute phase of the diease and falls
during convalescence.
, NOT AS ACCURATE AS CULTURE.
IgM specific antibodies raise during the acute
phase of the disease and falls during while IgG stay
raised until or beyond resolution.
This relies on purified antibodies to detect antigens
of infectious agents in specimens obtained from
diseased host.
Diagnosis types: DNA and RNA sequencing
probe hybridization - small fragments of DNA are
cut from the genome of a specific pathogen and
labled with compounds that allow for detection.
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) - method
incorporates two unique regents: a specific pair of
oligonucleotides called primers and heat-stable
DNA p;umerase - more sensitive test lots of heat.
Realtime PCR is fast & uses UV lights.
Antibacterial agents: antibiotics
produced by other microorganisms, primarily
bacteria, and fungi, as by-products of metabolism.
effective only against other prokaryotic organisms.
Bactercidal if it causes irreversible and lethal
damage to the pathogen. it inhibits effect on
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Edema can be defined as palpable swelling
produced by expansion of the interstitial fluid
volume. How do you assess it?
Daily weight, visual assessment, measurement of
affected part, application of finger to assess pitting
edema. (1L = 2.2lbs)
Treatment of Edema
directed toward maintaining life when the swelling
involves vital structures, correcting or controlling
the cause, and preventing tissue injury. Edema of
the lower extremities may respond to simple
measures such as elevating feet, diuretic therapy
is commonly used for an increase ECF.
Albumin may be administered to raise the plasma
colloidal osmotic pressure when they cause of
edema is hypoalbuminemia.
Elastic support stockings and sleeves increase
interstitial fluid pressure and resistance to outward
movement of fluid from the capillary into tissue
spaces.
Mod. to severity tx. light pressure massage,
,compress garments, pumps, ROM excersices, skin
care to prevent infection.
Describe Respiratory system acting as an Acid
Base Buffer
Control of extracellular CO2 by the lungs. Only
comes into play when chemical buffers do not
minimize the H changes. Only about 50 to 75%
effective as a buffer system, occurring within
minutes and is maximal within 12-24hrs. In acting
rapidly, it prevents large changes from PH from
occurring while waiting for the much more slowly
reacting kidneys. (2nd buffer)
Describe Renal system acting as an Acid Base
Buffer
Third line of defense in acid-base plays 3 major
roles: 1st is through excretion of H ions from fixed
acids that result from protein and lipid metabolism.
2nd is accomplished through the reabsorption of
HCO3 that is filtered through the glomerulus, so it
is not lost in the urine. 3rd the production of new
HCO3 that is released back into the blood
Treatment of Infectious disease
May include antimicrobial agents, immunologic w.
antibodies (vaccines or substance to improve host
immunity), may even need surgery.
Diagnosis of infectious disease has 2 criterias
,the recovery of a probable pathogen or some
evidence of its presence from the infected sites of
a diseased host and accurate documentation of
clinical signs and symptoms compatible with an
infectious process.
Diagnosis types: Culture
refers to the growth of a microorganism outside of
the body, usually on or in artificial growth based on
microscopic appearance and gram stain reaction,
shape, texture, color (morphology) or the colonies
by panel of biochemical reactions .
Fungi and mycoplasmas are cultured much of the
same way as bacteria but with more reliance on
microscopic and colonial morphology for
identification. Some fungi can take weeks to grow.
In the setting of an acute infection it is important
that cultures are obtained prior to antibiotic
adminstration. (can't ID it in culture of sepsis in
33% of ppl)
Diagnosis types: Serology
ID the infectious agent by measuring serum
antibodies in the diseased host. Tentative dx can
be made if the antibody level, aslo called the titer.
rises during the acute phase of the diease and falls
during convalescence.
, NOT AS ACCURATE AS CULTURE.
IgM specific antibodies raise during the acute
phase of the disease and falls during while IgG stay
raised until or beyond resolution.
This relies on purified antibodies to detect antigens
of infectious agents in specimens obtained from
diseased host.
Diagnosis types: DNA and RNA sequencing
probe hybridization - small fragments of DNA are
cut from the genome of a specific pathogen and
labled with compounds that allow for detection.
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) - method
incorporates two unique regents: a specific pair of
oligonucleotides called primers and heat-stable
DNA p;umerase - more sensitive test lots of heat.
Realtime PCR is fast & uses UV lights.
Antibacterial agents: antibiotics
produced by other microorganisms, primarily
bacteria, and fungi, as by-products of metabolism.
effective only against other prokaryotic organisms.
Bactercidal if it causes irreversible and lethal
damage to the pathogen. it inhibits effect on
