Nurs 651 midterm Updated Clinical Skills Quizzes
2025/26 | A+ Verified Answers
Major concerns for preterm infants - 1. ABC- risk for apnea and HTN
-- typically need RSV prophylaxis
2. feeding issues- under 34 weeks issues with suck
3. jaundice
4. temp instability
5. hypoglycemia
6. Car seat safety test if born less than 37 weeks
Synagis (palivizumab) - RSV vaccine
- used for premature infants born btw 32-25 weeks or with CLD or CHD or need oxygen from
birth
BPD - bronchopulmonary dysplasia
- form of CLD that affects newborns and infants due to damage to lungs caused by mechanical
ventilation or long term oxygen use
- common in low birth weight and premature infants using oxygen for over 28 days
- having inflammation and scarring of the lungs- damage alveoli then leads to increase
presssure- pulm HTN
- treatment: diuretics, steroids, inhaled bronchodilators and optimize nutrition
Apnea of prematurity - resp or bradycardic pause lasting for more than 20 secds
- treatment= caffeine
pulmonary HTN in premie - -causes: oxygen toxicity, vent shear forces, viral illness, and
microaspiration
- treatment: post pyloric feeds, gentile ventilation, limit oxygen and trend BNP
- BNP levels will help to follow for heart function want less than 35
,- - 1st line medication= sildenafil
PDA - most common in preterm babies
- leads to wide BP, bounding pulsus, washer machine like murmur
- treatment: motrin
-- untreated can lead to pulm HTN and BPD
common issues with premature infant - - correct for prematurity until 2-3 years old- but
vaccines based on age born
- use premature growth charts
- premature formula till 9 mos
- may need to go home with pulse ox and if on oxygen need follow up echos
- screening by corrected age! milestones adjusted
- high risk for motor and cognitive issues- want EI and early screening
- higher risk for GERD and FTT
Neurological risk factors with prematurity - - major: CP, blindness, hearing loss, MR
- minor: cognitive, learning, behavioral, language, and neuromotor deficits
- risk for IVH
IVH - intraventricular hemorrhage
- common in infants born < 35 weeks
- graded 1-4: higher the amount more at risk for CP and DD
- want HUS btw 7-10 days and repeat at 36-40 weeks
Periventricular Leukomalacia (PVL) - white matter injury in preterm infants
- common in those <32 weeks
- US diagnosis: will have cystic changes
-- can lead to MR, CP, DD, and visual impairments
CP - Cerebral palsy
, - postural and movement disorder that manifests as spasticity & hypotonia
- typically diagnosed around 2 years old- need to screen regularly for tone, strength, DTR, and
coordination
- associated with motor involvement, epilepsy, speech problems, vision compromise, and
cognitive dysfunction
CP causes - trauma during delivery or after, HIE, premies< 32 weeks, low birth weight<
2500 gs, infections (rubella, CMV, toxoplasmosis)
CP types - 1. spastic- most common- muscle hypertonicity, postural difficulty, impaired
gross and fine motor skills, drooling and dysarthria
2. dyskinetic- abnormal involuntary motion
3. ataxic- poor coordination, balance, control of upper extremities, wide gait
CP manifestations - - delayed gross motor developement
- abnormal motor skills- asymmetric, early handedness (should not have before 5 yrs),
feeding/swallowing problems, persistent toe-walking, W sitting, bottom scooting
- altered muscle tone- hypotonia, hypertonia, scissoring
- persistence of premitive reflexes
CP treatment - - PT/OT/ST: work on ROM, functional skills and feeding and talking
- orthopedic care: mobility, surgery to release tendons
-- may need tendon lengthening or to loosen
- medications: diazepam, phenytoin, amphetamines (behavioral and hyperkinesia), baclofen,
botox
ROP - retinopathy of prematurity
-abnormal vascular proliferation of the retina
- causes: supplemental oxygen, hypoxemia, hypercarbia, severe illness, low birth weight, and <
32 weeks birth
- ranges in severity- but worse can cause total retinal detachement
2025/26 | A+ Verified Answers
Major concerns for preterm infants - 1. ABC- risk for apnea and HTN
-- typically need RSV prophylaxis
2. feeding issues- under 34 weeks issues with suck
3. jaundice
4. temp instability
5. hypoglycemia
6. Car seat safety test if born less than 37 weeks
Synagis (palivizumab) - RSV vaccine
- used for premature infants born btw 32-25 weeks or with CLD or CHD or need oxygen from
birth
BPD - bronchopulmonary dysplasia
- form of CLD that affects newborns and infants due to damage to lungs caused by mechanical
ventilation or long term oxygen use
- common in low birth weight and premature infants using oxygen for over 28 days
- having inflammation and scarring of the lungs- damage alveoli then leads to increase
presssure- pulm HTN
- treatment: diuretics, steroids, inhaled bronchodilators and optimize nutrition
Apnea of prematurity - resp or bradycardic pause lasting for more than 20 secds
- treatment= caffeine
pulmonary HTN in premie - -causes: oxygen toxicity, vent shear forces, viral illness, and
microaspiration
- treatment: post pyloric feeds, gentile ventilation, limit oxygen and trend BNP
- BNP levels will help to follow for heart function want less than 35
,- - 1st line medication= sildenafil
PDA - most common in preterm babies
- leads to wide BP, bounding pulsus, washer machine like murmur
- treatment: motrin
-- untreated can lead to pulm HTN and BPD
common issues with premature infant - - correct for prematurity until 2-3 years old- but
vaccines based on age born
- use premature growth charts
- premature formula till 9 mos
- may need to go home with pulse ox and if on oxygen need follow up echos
- screening by corrected age! milestones adjusted
- high risk for motor and cognitive issues- want EI and early screening
- higher risk for GERD and FTT
Neurological risk factors with prematurity - - major: CP, blindness, hearing loss, MR
- minor: cognitive, learning, behavioral, language, and neuromotor deficits
- risk for IVH
IVH - intraventricular hemorrhage
- common in infants born < 35 weeks
- graded 1-4: higher the amount more at risk for CP and DD
- want HUS btw 7-10 days and repeat at 36-40 weeks
Periventricular Leukomalacia (PVL) - white matter injury in preterm infants
- common in those <32 weeks
- US diagnosis: will have cystic changes
-- can lead to MR, CP, DD, and visual impairments
CP - Cerebral palsy
, - postural and movement disorder that manifests as spasticity & hypotonia
- typically diagnosed around 2 years old- need to screen regularly for tone, strength, DTR, and
coordination
- associated with motor involvement, epilepsy, speech problems, vision compromise, and
cognitive dysfunction
CP causes - trauma during delivery or after, HIE, premies< 32 weeks, low birth weight<
2500 gs, infections (rubella, CMV, toxoplasmosis)
CP types - 1. spastic- most common- muscle hypertonicity, postural difficulty, impaired
gross and fine motor skills, drooling and dysarthria
2. dyskinetic- abnormal involuntary motion
3. ataxic- poor coordination, balance, control of upper extremities, wide gait
CP manifestations - - delayed gross motor developement
- abnormal motor skills- asymmetric, early handedness (should not have before 5 yrs),
feeding/swallowing problems, persistent toe-walking, W sitting, bottom scooting
- altered muscle tone- hypotonia, hypertonia, scissoring
- persistence of premitive reflexes
CP treatment - - PT/OT/ST: work on ROM, functional skills and feeding and talking
- orthopedic care: mobility, surgery to release tendons
-- may need tendon lengthening or to loosen
- medications: diazepam, phenytoin, amphetamines (behavioral and hyperkinesia), baclofen,
botox
ROP - retinopathy of prematurity
-abnormal vascular proliferation of the retina
- causes: supplemental oxygen, hypoxemia, hypercarbia, severe illness, low birth weight, and <
32 weeks birth
- ranges in severity- but worse can cause total retinal detachement
