Pathophysiology Exam 2 Rasmussen SU2020

1. What are the clinical manifestations of appendicitis? right lower abdominal pain, nausea and occasionally diarrhea 2. What is the cause of pseudomembranous colitis? overgrowth of Clostridioides difficile (C difficile) bacteria; overexposure to antibiotics 3. What is the nonpharmacologic treatment for pseudocolitis? fecal transplant, colectomy, antibiotics 4. What is the cause of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)? bacteria spread from person to person; bacteria penetrates the stomach mucous lining and generates substances to neutralize stomach acids 5. What are the clinical manifestations of gastric carcinoma? No early signs; later signs are anorexia weight loss and GI bleeding 6. What causes gastroenteritis due to Salmonella? Raw or under cooked chicken or eggs 7. What are complications of a perforated gallbladder? Sepsis infection 8. What causes jaundice? Increased serum bilirubin over 2.5 mg/dL 9. What disease is associated with jaundice? Cirrhosis of the liver; hepatitis 10. What is dysphasia? difficulty swallowing 11. What is occult blood? Blood that is not visible to the naked eye 12. What should patients with newly diagnosed pancreatitis avoid? Alcohol 13. What causes greenish- yellow emesis? Bile 14. What is the most frequent location of peptic ulcers? proximal duodenum 15. What types of hepatitis increase the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma? Hep B and C 16. What are the clinical manifestations of chronic gastritis? inflammation of the stomach lining and anorexia from not eating 17. What types of things put a patient at risk for developing acute gastritis? lactose intolerance, regular use of pain relievers, stress, excessive alcohol use 18. What are the clinical manifestations of acute gastritis? GI distress, bloat, , nausea, vomiting, anorexia from not eating, postprandial discomfort 19. What is the cause of hiatal hernia? Increased intra-abdominal pressure, such as ascites, pregnancy, obesity, chronic straining or coughing 20. What is the cause of a rigid abdomen in peritonitis? inflamed peritoneum 21. What is cryptorchidism? undescended testes 22. What are complications of cryptorchidism? infertility and cancer 23. What are the clinical manifestations of acute prostatitis? dysuria, frequency, urgency, painful prostate 24. What is a complication of removing too much fluid during dialysis? hemodialysis, low BP 25. What would you monitor while removing fluid during dialysis? BP 26. What are the clinical manifestations of pyelonephritis? CVA tenderness, fever, chills, N/V, anorexia which increases fever induced dehydration 27. Individuals with HPV are at risk for developing what disease? Cervical cancer 28. What is enuresis? bed wetting 29. What is stress incontinence? Leakage with increased abdominal pressure, effort, exertion, sneezing, or coughing 30. What is micturition? Urination 31. What is overflow incontinence? Leakage due to inability of the bladder to empty itself correctly (thus causing bladder to fill up to max capacity) caused by a urethral blockage 32. What is a genetic defect in young children with cystitis? vesicoureteral reflux; back flow of urine from the bladder to the ureter and renal pelvis 33. How do kidney tubules maintain a normal pH in response to fever and respiratory infection? secrete acid and reabsorb bicards 34. Why does metabolic acidosis occur? excessive production of fixed acids; DKA lactic acidosis low flow states loss of buffers, like loss of bicarb from GIT or inability of kidney to eliminate acids; ie. renal failure 35. What is the serum marker ordered when screening fro prostate cancer? PSA- Prostate specific antigen 36. What are complications of hydronephrosis? ischemia and necrosis; swelling and build-up of fluid in the kidney; back flow, swelling pressure 37. What is the cause of increased glomerular filtration rate? increase in the glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure 38. What is the most common cause of pyelonephritis? E. coli; ascending UTI 39. What are the risk factors for developing chronic renal failure? too much Nsaids, chronic kidney disease; diabetes type 1; hypertension 40. What are the functions of the kidneys? Regulation of blood pressure; regulating blood osmolarity; removal of toxins; blood filtration; activate vitamin D 41. What are the clinical manifestations of benign prostatic hypertrophy? dribbling; difficulty initiating urine stream; hesitancy; urinary retention, decreased stream 42. What substance controls the reabsorption of water from the collecting ducts? ADH- Anti Diuretic Hormone 43. What is type 2 diabetes characterized as? peripheral tissue insulin resistance 44. What are the clinical manifestations of Graves disease? Exophthalmos (bulging eyes), goiter, enlarge thyroid, heat intolerance, anxietyhyperthyroidism 45. What processes occur during fasting? glucogenesis; glycogenesis 46. What type of tissue is accessed to promote energy production in type 1 diabetes? adipose/ fat 47. What are the clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism? myxedema, fatigue, cold sensitivity, constipation, weight gain 48. What are the clinical manifestations of hyperthyroidism? Goiter, fatigue, weight loss, infertility, memory loss, hair loss, muscle pain 49. What are the clinical manifestation of hyper para thyroidism? fatigue, body aches, bone pain, depression, headaches, memory loss 50. What are the clinical manifestations of hypo para thyroidism? numbness, tetany, parathesis, muscle spasms 51. What are the clinical manifestations of ketoacidosis? fruity breath, drowsiness, nausea, thirst, confusion, lethargy, vomiting 52. What mechanisms control hormone release and regulation? negative feedback loop 53. What hormones are released by the anterior pituitary gland? Growth Hormone, prolactin, follicle stimulating hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, LH, ACTH and endorphins 54. What is diabetes insipidus? a disorder caused by inadequate amounts of ADH which causes excessive water loss