GMS 6440 Fundamentals Final Exam Study Guide – University of
Florida
Comprehensive study guide for the GMS 6440 Fundamentals final
exam at the University of Florida, covering key concepts in
biochemistry, molecular biology, and related clinical applications.
Latest updated exam study Guide 2025/2026
T/F: Cardiac muscle contraction is considered to be voluntary movement. - ansFalse
It moves involuntarily.
T/F: In the gastrointestinal tract, smooth muscle is the major muscle type. - ansTrue
T/F: In our body, approximately 8 liters of intestinal juices are secreted into the GI tract daily,
but only 100 ml of water is secreted into the feces. - ansTrue
T/F: Normal movement of blood flow in the heart is: left atrium-left ventricle-lung-right
atrium-right ventricle. - ansFalse
Right atrium - right ventricle - lung - left atrium- left ventricle
T/F: Normally, humans have 2 lobes in the right lung and 3 lobes in the left lung. - ansFalse
3 lobes in the right lung and 2 lobes in the left lung
T/F: In the lung, gas exchange occurs mostly at the alveoli. - ansTrue
T/F: The urinary system is normally composed of two kidneys, two ureters and two bladders.
- ansFalse
Two kidneys, two ureters, and ONE bladder
T/F: Filtered wastes from the glomerulus will move in the following order: Bowman's
capsule-proximal tubule-distal tubule-loop of Henle-collecting duct. - ansFalse
Bowman's Capsule - proximal tubule - loop of Henle - distal tubule - collecting duct
T/F: Both endocrine and nervous systems play important roles in controlling the activities of
many different organ systems to maintain homeostasis. - ansTrue
T/F: Specificity of hormone action in the target cells is determined by receptors. - ansTrue
T/F: The area of nerve axon not wrapped by myelin sheath (non-myelinated area) is called
nodes of Ranvier where action potential is insulated. - ansFalse
Myelin sheath insulates action potential. Action potential propagates faster by skipping
myelinated axon, and jumping from nodes of Ranvier to another node.
What chemical component of the plasma membrane prevents ions from readily and freely
moving across the membrane? - ansLipids (phospholipids)
Where is the concentration of [K+] greater:
- in the cytoplasm
- in the extracellular fluid - ansIn the cytoplasm
Across a cell's plasma membrane, movement of water is _______________. - anspassive
through a channel
Where is the concentration of [Na+] greater:
- in the cytoplasm
- in the extracellular fluid - ansIn the extracellular fluid
For a neutrally charged molecule, "Active" transport means that the molecules move across a
membrane: - ansfrom a low concentration to a high concentration
What molecule is the source of energy for primary active transport to occur? - ansATP
T/F: There is only one type of channel in cell membranes. - ansFalse
T/F: Regarding primary active transport, solutes move from a compartment of low
concentration to a compartment of high concentration. - ansTrue
T/F: Regarding secondary active transport of glucose, the movement of glucose is from a
compartment of high concentration to a compartment of low concentration. - ansFalse
T/F: All transport through membrane channels is classified as "Active" transport. - ansFalse
,GMS 6440 Fundamentals Final Exam Study Guide – University of
Florida
Comprehensive study guide for the GMS 6440 Fundamentals final
exam at the University of Florida, covering key concepts in
biochemistry, molecular biology, and related clinical applications.
Latest updated exam study Guide 2025/2026
T/F: Electrolytes are pumped and leak across cell membranes simultaneously but
independently. - ansTrue
At what point in time does the electrochemical equilibrium potential exist? - ansat
equilibrium
What is a major factor that regulates an electrolyte's electrochemical equilibrium potential
across a cell membrane? - ansConcentration (chemical) gradient
T/F: The electrochemical equilibrium potential for a single highly permeant ion species is
controlled by the concentration gradient. - ansTrue
T/F: Movement of a charged electrolyte is determined by the major forces of voltage plus
chemical concentration gradients - ansTrue
T/F: The cellular K+ Electrochemical Equilibrium Potential is regulated by concentration
differences across plasma membranes, assuming that the membrane's relative permeability to
K+ is very high. - anstrue
Which of these ion choices is primarily responsible for establishing a typical cell membrane's
"resting" potential?
- Mg++
- Na+
- K+ - ansK+
T/F: Excessive extracellular acid (i.e., [H+] ) will raise the concentration of extracellular
potassium ion concentration. - ansTrue
T/F: Cell Membrane Potential is controlled by the relative degree of ion permeability as well
as ion concentration gradients existing across a cell's plasma membrane. - ansTrue
T/F: Rhabdomyolysis can lead to cardiac muscle cell pathology as the result of creating a
condition of hyperkalemia (excessive K+ concentration in the plasma). - ansTrue
T/F: A normal lean person consists of ~ 95% water. - ansFalse
~60% water
T/F: Most of the sodium in the body is inside the cells. - ansFalse
It is extracellular
T/F: The capillary is the main barrier between the intracellular and extracellular fluids -
ansFalse
The cell wall (plasma membrane separates intracellular and extracellular fluid. The capillary
separates the interstitium and the plasma, both sub- compartments of the extracellular fluid.
T/F: To measure the volume of the entire extracellular fluid compartment, we use a substance
that moves freely across the capillary but cannot enter the cell. - ansTrue
An example is insulin
T/F: Water and small solutes move across the capillary wall by active transport. - ansFalse
All movement across the capillary wall is passive, driven by hydrostatic and colloid osmotic
(oncotic) pressures.
T/F: The osmolality of the body fluids is greater when all the solutes are large. - ansFalse
The total number of particles, irrespective of size, determines osmolality.
T/F: All water movement in and out of cell is passive. - ansTrue
Water movement is drive by solute (osmotic) gradients across the cell wall
T/F: Sodium (Na) is effectively impermeable at the cell wall. - ansTrue
,GMS 6440 Fundamentals Final Exam Study Guide – University of
Florida
Comprehensive study guide for the GMS 6440 Fundamentals final
exam at the University of Florida, covering key concepts in
biochemistry, molecular biology, and related clinical applications.
Latest updated exam study Guide 2025/2026
Any Na that does enter the cell will be immediately removed by the Sodium potassium
ATPase in the cell wall.
T/F: Eating a meal high in salt, without drinking any water will lead to an increase in both
intracellular and extracellular fluid volume. - ansFalse
This is a Hypertonic expansion: Ingest NaCl stays extracellular, increases the ECF
osmolality, H2O moves OUT of cells to restore osmotic equilibrium.
Decrease in ICFV, increase in ECFV.
T/F: A pure water solution can safely be infused intravenously to a dehydrated person. -
ansFalse
Water will enter the surrounding cells causing swelling and lysis. The potassium released in
to the extracellular fluid by cell lysis can be fatal. A 5% glucose solution is iso-osmotic to
body fluids, so safe to infuse. After metabolism of the glucose this is equivalent to giving
pure water.
T/F: Hormones produce physiological actions by binding to receptors at their target
cells/tissues. - ansTrue
T/F: There are specific receptors for each hormone. - ansTrue
T/F: Receptors for peptide hormones are always on the inside (cytoplasm; nucleus) of target
cells. - ansFalse
T/F: GPCR are also known as seven trans-membrane (7TM) receptors. - ansTrue
T/F: Gaq proteins couple to adenylyl cyclase. - ansFalse
T/F: Activation of ionotropic receptors results in an ion (Ca2+; Na+) moving into the target
cell through a channel in the receptor. - ansTrue
T/F: Ionotropic receptors signal via G proteins. - ansFalse
T/F: Receptor Guanylyl Cyclases are one type of Catalytic Receptor. - ansTrue
T/F: Receptors for Thyroid Hormone and steroids are always on the surface (plasma
membrane) of target cells. - ansFalse
T/F: Dimerization is important for some catalytic receptors, but never for steroid hormone
receptors. - ansFalse
T/F: The nervous system is usually divided into 3 anatomical components. - ansFalse
T/F: Glia are only present in the central nervous system. - ansFalse
T/F: The Nucleus of the Solitary Tract is in the medulla oblongata. - ansTrue
T/F: The hypothalamus regulates both autonomic and endocrine function. - ansTrue
T/F: Afferent nerves transmit information from the central nervous sytem to the peripheral
nervous system. - ansFalse
T/F: The autonomic nervous system has 3 divisions. - ansTrue
T/F: Activation of the parasympathetic nervous system constricts the airways. - ansTrue
T/F: The cell bodies of postganglionic neurons are in the central nervous system. - ansFalse
T/F: Acetylcholine acts on alpha and beta receptors. - ansFalse
T/F: The adrenal medulla releases norepinephrine and epinephrine directly into the blood
stream. - ansTrue
T/F: Negative feedback in the autonomic nervous system requires an afferent signal. -
ansTrue
, GMS 6440 Fundamentals Final Exam Study Guide – University of
Florida
Comprehensive study guide for the GMS 6440 Fundamentals final
exam at the University of Florida, covering key concepts in
biochemistry, molecular biology, and related clinical applications.
Latest updated exam study Guide 2025/2026
T/F: The parasympathetic nervous system innervates the external sphincter of the bladder. -
ansFalse
T/F: Referred pain is caused by convergence of somatic and autonomic information within
the Nucleus of the Solitary Tract. - ansFalse
T/F: Inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system inhibits urination primarily by inhibiting
the detrusor muscle. - ansFalse
T/F: The hypothalamus can directly control preganglionic sympathetic neurons. - ansTrue
To generate conventional transgenic mice, DNA will be injected into:
- embryonic stem (ES) cells
- fertilized mouse eggs - ansfertilized mouse eggs
T/F: To determine success of homologous recombination of targeting vector in ES cells,
Northern blotting will be utilized. - ansFalse
Southern Blotting
T/F: Using Cre recombinase, we can control DNA recombination and delete specific genomic
areas flanked by FLP sequences. - ansFalse
Cre recognizes LoxP sites
T/F: Tamoxifen, an estrogen antagonist (homologue), will bind to the mutated estrogen
receptor fused to the Cre-recombinase, and translocate Cre-recombinase into nucleus. -
ansTrue
T/F: Cre-loxP system also can be used to eliminate floxed-stop codon and induce expression
of a transgene. - ansTrue
T/F: We cannot control copy number of inserted DNA as well as insertion site (position)
using the conventional transgenic approach. Insertion of DNA construct into ROSA26 locus
can be a solution to overcome these insertional effects. - ansTrue
T/F: In the CRISPR/Cas9 system, a double-stranded break in the DNA is induced by the
enzyme, CRISPR. - ansFalse
The enzyme is Cas9
T/F: In the CRISPR/Cas9 system, guide RNA directs the enzyme to cut the DNA at a specific
site in the genome. - ansTrue
levels of organization in the body - ansmolecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue,
organ, organ system, organism
example of a molecule - answater molecule, glucose molecule
example of a macromolecule - ansprotein molecule, DNA molecule
example of an organelle - ansmitochondrion, golgi apparatus, nucleus
example of a cell - ansmuscle cell, nerve cell
example of a tissue - anssimple squamous epithelium, loose connective tissue
example of an organ - ansskin, heart, kidney, brain, stomach
example of an organ system - ansskeletal system, digestive system
example of an organism - anshuman
T/F: structure is always related to function - anstrue
Anatomy is the study of - ansstructure
physiology is the study of - ansfunction
What are the characteristics of life? - ansrespiration, digestion, absorption, assimilation,
circulation, excretion
Florida
Comprehensive study guide for the GMS 6440 Fundamentals final
exam at the University of Florida, covering key concepts in
biochemistry, molecular biology, and related clinical applications.
Latest updated exam study Guide 2025/2026
T/F: Cardiac muscle contraction is considered to be voluntary movement. - ansFalse
It moves involuntarily.
T/F: In the gastrointestinal tract, smooth muscle is the major muscle type. - ansTrue
T/F: In our body, approximately 8 liters of intestinal juices are secreted into the GI tract daily,
but only 100 ml of water is secreted into the feces. - ansTrue
T/F: Normal movement of blood flow in the heart is: left atrium-left ventricle-lung-right
atrium-right ventricle. - ansFalse
Right atrium - right ventricle - lung - left atrium- left ventricle
T/F: Normally, humans have 2 lobes in the right lung and 3 lobes in the left lung. - ansFalse
3 lobes in the right lung and 2 lobes in the left lung
T/F: In the lung, gas exchange occurs mostly at the alveoli. - ansTrue
T/F: The urinary system is normally composed of two kidneys, two ureters and two bladders.
- ansFalse
Two kidneys, two ureters, and ONE bladder
T/F: Filtered wastes from the glomerulus will move in the following order: Bowman's
capsule-proximal tubule-distal tubule-loop of Henle-collecting duct. - ansFalse
Bowman's Capsule - proximal tubule - loop of Henle - distal tubule - collecting duct
T/F: Both endocrine and nervous systems play important roles in controlling the activities of
many different organ systems to maintain homeostasis. - ansTrue
T/F: Specificity of hormone action in the target cells is determined by receptors. - ansTrue
T/F: The area of nerve axon not wrapped by myelin sheath (non-myelinated area) is called
nodes of Ranvier where action potential is insulated. - ansFalse
Myelin sheath insulates action potential. Action potential propagates faster by skipping
myelinated axon, and jumping from nodes of Ranvier to another node.
What chemical component of the plasma membrane prevents ions from readily and freely
moving across the membrane? - ansLipids (phospholipids)
Where is the concentration of [K+] greater:
- in the cytoplasm
- in the extracellular fluid - ansIn the cytoplasm
Across a cell's plasma membrane, movement of water is _______________. - anspassive
through a channel
Where is the concentration of [Na+] greater:
- in the cytoplasm
- in the extracellular fluid - ansIn the extracellular fluid
For a neutrally charged molecule, "Active" transport means that the molecules move across a
membrane: - ansfrom a low concentration to a high concentration
What molecule is the source of energy for primary active transport to occur? - ansATP
T/F: There is only one type of channel in cell membranes. - ansFalse
T/F: Regarding primary active transport, solutes move from a compartment of low
concentration to a compartment of high concentration. - ansTrue
T/F: Regarding secondary active transport of glucose, the movement of glucose is from a
compartment of high concentration to a compartment of low concentration. - ansFalse
T/F: All transport through membrane channels is classified as "Active" transport. - ansFalse
,GMS 6440 Fundamentals Final Exam Study Guide – University of
Florida
Comprehensive study guide for the GMS 6440 Fundamentals final
exam at the University of Florida, covering key concepts in
biochemistry, molecular biology, and related clinical applications.
Latest updated exam study Guide 2025/2026
T/F: Electrolytes are pumped and leak across cell membranes simultaneously but
independently. - ansTrue
At what point in time does the electrochemical equilibrium potential exist? - ansat
equilibrium
What is a major factor that regulates an electrolyte's electrochemical equilibrium potential
across a cell membrane? - ansConcentration (chemical) gradient
T/F: The electrochemical equilibrium potential for a single highly permeant ion species is
controlled by the concentration gradient. - ansTrue
T/F: Movement of a charged electrolyte is determined by the major forces of voltage plus
chemical concentration gradients - ansTrue
T/F: The cellular K+ Electrochemical Equilibrium Potential is regulated by concentration
differences across plasma membranes, assuming that the membrane's relative permeability to
K+ is very high. - anstrue
Which of these ion choices is primarily responsible for establishing a typical cell membrane's
"resting" potential?
- Mg++
- Na+
- K+ - ansK+
T/F: Excessive extracellular acid (i.e., [H+] ) will raise the concentration of extracellular
potassium ion concentration. - ansTrue
T/F: Cell Membrane Potential is controlled by the relative degree of ion permeability as well
as ion concentration gradients existing across a cell's plasma membrane. - ansTrue
T/F: Rhabdomyolysis can lead to cardiac muscle cell pathology as the result of creating a
condition of hyperkalemia (excessive K+ concentration in the plasma). - ansTrue
T/F: A normal lean person consists of ~ 95% water. - ansFalse
~60% water
T/F: Most of the sodium in the body is inside the cells. - ansFalse
It is extracellular
T/F: The capillary is the main barrier between the intracellular and extracellular fluids -
ansFalse
The cell wall (plasma membrane separates intracellular and extracellular fluid. The capillary
separates the interstitium and the plasma, both sub- compartments of the extracellular fluid.
T/F: To measure the volume of the entire extracellular fluid compartment, we use a substance
that moves freely across the capillary but cannot enter the cell. - ansTrue
An example is insulin
T/F: Water and small solutes move across the capillary wall by active transport. - ansFalse
All movement across the capillary wall is passive, driven by hydrostatic and colloid osmotic
(oncotic) pressures.
T/F: The osmolality of the body fluids is greater when all the solutes are large. - ansFalse
The total number of particles, irrespective of size, determines osmolality.
T/F: All water movement in and out of cell is passive. - ansTrue
Water movement is drive by solute (osmotic) gradients across the cell wall
T/F: Sodium (Na) is effectively impermeable at the cell wall. - ansTrue
,GMS 6440 Fundamentals Final Exam Study Guide – University of
Florida
Comprehensive study guide for the GMS 6440 Fundamentals final
exam at the University of Florida, covering key concepts in
biochemistry, molecular biology, and related clinical applications.
Latest updated exam study Guide 2025/2026
Any Na that does enter the cell will be immediately removed by the Sodium potassium
ATPase in the cell wall.
T/F: Eating a meal high in salt, without drinking any water will lead to an increase in both
intracellular and extracellular fluid volume. - ansFalse
This is a Hypertonic expansion: Ingest NaCl stays extracellular, increases the ECF
osmolality, H2O moves OUT of cells to restore osmotic equilibrium.
Decrease in ICFV, increase in ECFV.
T/F: A pure water solution can safely be infused intravenously to a dehydrated person. -
ansFalse
Water will enter the surrounding cells causing swelling and lysis. The potassium released in
to the extracellular fluid by cell lysis can be fatal. A 5% glucose solution is iso-osmotic to
body fluids, so safe to infuse. After metabolism of the glucose this is equivalent to giving
pure water.
T/F: Hormones produce physiological actions by binding to receptors at their target
cells/tissues. - ansTrue
T/F: There are specific receptors for each hormone. - ansTrue
T/F: Receptors for peptide hormones are always on the inside (cytoplasm; nucleus) of target
cells. - ansFalse
T/F: GPCR are also known as seven trans-membrane (7TM) receptors. - ansTrue
T/F: Gaq proteins couple to adenylyl cyclase. - ansFalse
T/F: Activation of ionotropic receptors results in an ion (Ca2+; Na+) moving into the target
cell through a channel in the receptor. - ansTrue
T/F: Ionotropic receptors signal via G proteins. - ansFalse
T/F: Receptor Guanylyl Cyclases are one type of Catalytic Receptor. - ansTrue
T/F: Receptors for Thyroid Hormone and steroids are always on the surface (plasma
membrane) of target cells. - ansFalse
T/F: Dimerization is important for some catalytic receptors, but never for steroid hormone
receptors. - ansFalse
T/F: The nervous system is usually divided into 3 anatomical components. - ansFalse
T/F: Glia are only present in the central nervous system. - ansFalse
T/F: The Nucleus of the Solitary Tract is in the medulla oblongata. - ansTrue
T/F: The hypothalamus regulates both autonomic and endocrine function. - ansTrue
T/F: Afferent nerves transmit information from the central nervous sytem to the peripheral
nervous system. - ansFalse
T/F: The autonomic nervous system has 3 divisions. - ansTrue
T/F: Activation of the parasympathetic nervous system constricts the airways. - ansTrue
T/F: The cell bodies of postganglionic neurons are in the central nervous system. - ansFalse
T/F: Acetylcholine acts on alpha and beta receptors. - ansFalse
T/F: The adrenal medulla releases norepinephrine and epinephrine directly into the blood
stream. - ansTrue
T/F: Negative feedback in the autonomic nervous system requires an afferent signal. -
ansTrue
, GMS 6440 Fundamentals Final Exam Study Guide – University of
Florida
Comprehensive study guide for the GMS 6440 Fundamentals final
exam at the University of Florida, covering key concepts in
biochemistry, molecular biology, and related clinical applications.
Latest updated exam study Guide 2025/2026
T/F: The parasympathetic nervous system innervates the external sphincter of the bladder. -
ansFalse
T/F: Referred pain is caused by convergence of somatic and autonomic information within
the Nucleus of the Solitary Tract. - ansFalse
T/F: Inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system inhibits urination primarily by inhibiting
the detrusor muscle. - ansFalse
T/F: The hypothalamus can directly control preganglionic sympathetic neurons. - ansTrue
To generate conventional transgenic mice, DNA will be injected into:
- embryonic stem (ES) cells
- fertilized mouse eggs - ansfertilized mouse eggs
T/F: To determine success of homologous recombination of targeting vector in ES cells,
Northern blotting will be utilized. - ansFalse
Southern Blotting
T/F: Using Cre recombinase, we can control DNA recombination and delete specific genomic
areas flanked by FLP sequences. - ansFalse
Cre recognizes LoxP sites
T/F: Tamoxifen, an estrogen antagonist (homologue), will bind to the mutated estrogen
receptor fused to the Cre-recombinase, and translocate Cre-recombinase into nucleus. -
ansTrue
T/F: Cre-loxP system also can be used to eliminate floxed-stop codon and induce expression
of a transgene. - ansTrue
T/F: We cannot control copy number of inserted DNA as well as insertion site (position)
using the conventional transgenic approach. Insertion of DNA construct into ROSA26 locus
can be a solution to overcome these insertional effects. - ansTrue
T/F: In the CRISPR/Cas9 system, a double-stranded break in the DNA is induced by the
enzyme, CRISPR. - ansFalse
The enzyme is Cas9
T/F: In the CRISPR/Cas9 system, guide RNA directs the enzyme to cut the DNA at a specific
site in the genome. - ansTrue
levels of organization in the body - ansmolecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue,
organ, organ system, organism
example of a molecule - answater molecule, glucose molecule
example of a macromolecule - ansprotein molecule, DNA molecule
example of an organelle - ansmitochondrion, golgi apparatus, nucleus
example of a cell - ansmuscle cell, nerve cell
example of a tissue - anssimple squamous epithelium, loose connective tissue
example of an organ - ansskin, heart, kidney, brain, stomach
example of an organ system - ansskeletal system, digestive system
example of an organism - anshuman
T/F: structure is always related to function - anstrue
Anatomy is the study of - ansstructure
physiology is the study of - ansfunction
What are the characteristics of life? - ansrespiration, digestion, absorption, assimilation,
circulation, excretion
