NURSG 546 - Exam 2 with 110 complete
solutions graded A+.
NURSG 546 - Exam 2 with 110 complete
solutions graded A+.
Where is majority of body water located? - ANSWER intracellularly
Define interstitial fluid - ANSWER fluid between cells
What is one liter of water in kilograms? - ANSWER 1 kg (2.2 lbs)
What is the normal serum value for phosphate? - ANSWER 3.0-4.5 mg/dL
What is the normal serum value for sodium? - ANSWER 135-145 mEq/L
What is the normal serum value for potassium? - ANSWER 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
What is the normal serum value for magnesium? - ANSWER 1.3-2.1 mEq/L
What is the normal serum value for calcium? - ANSWER 9-11 mg/dL
What is a hypotonic solution? - ANSWER when the solute concentration is lower outside the cell, the cell
will swell
What is a hypertonic solution? - ANSWER Solute concentration is greater than that inside the cell; cell
loses water
What causes edema? - ANSWER fluid moves from capillaries to interstitial fluid
What is second spacing? - ANSWER abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid (edema)
, NURSG 546 - Exam 2 with 110 complete
solutions graded A+.
What is third spacing? - ANSWER fluid accumulates in a nonfunctional area between cells and it is
difficult for it to move back into cells or blood vessels
What is the function of aldosterone? - ANSWER It increases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion
What are the functions of ANP and BNP? - ANSWER they are natural antagonists to aldosterone and
hormones made by cardiomyoctes, so when atrial pressure is too high they allow for excretion of
sodium and water
What are the clinical manifestations of hypernatremia? - ANSWER restlessness, agitation, lethargy,
coma, intense thirst, dry swollen tongue, postural hypotension, weight loss, increased pulse, weakness,
muscle cramps
What are the clinical manifestations of hyponatremia? - ANSWER irritability, confusion, dizziness,
tremors, seizures, coma, postural hypotension, increased pulse, vomiting
How is hypernatremia treated? - ANSWER IV fluids - hypotonic, isotonic
What are the clinical manifestations of hyperkalemia? - ANSWER tall peaked T waves, confusion, tetany,
muscle cramps, fatigue, paresthesias, weakness, abdominal cramping, vomiting, diarrhea
What is the treatment for hyperkalemia? - ANSWER Kayexalate (potassium binder), diuretics, dialysis, IV
insulin, IV calcium
What are the clinical manifestations of hypokalemia? - ANSWER fatigue, muscle weakness, decreased
reflexes, shallow respirations, weak pulse, flattened T wave, paralytic ileus, hyperglycemia
Why is potassium not given IV push or bolus? - ANSWER because potassium is irritating to the veins and
can cause cardiac arrest
solutions graded A+.
NURSG 546 - Exam 2 with 110 complete
solutions graded A+.
Where is majority of body water located? - ANSWER intracellularly
Define interstitial fluid - ANSWER fluid between cells
What is one liter of water in kilograms? - ANSWER 1 kg (2.2 lbs)
What is the normal serum value for phosphate? - ANSWER 3.0-4.5 mg/dL
What is the normal serum value for sodium? - ANSWER 135-145 mEq/L
What is the normal serum value for potassium? - ANSWER 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
What is the normal serum value for magnesium? - ANSWER 1.3-2.1 mEq/L
What is the normal serum value for calcium? - ANSWER 9-11 mg/dL
What is a hypotonic solution? - ANSWER when the solute concentration is lower outside the cell, the cell
will swell
What is a hypertonic solution? - ANSWER Solute concentration is greater than that inside the cell; cell
loses water
What causes edema? - ANSWER fluid moves from capillaries to interstitial fluid
What is second spacing? - ANSWER abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid (edema)
, NURSG 546 - Exam 2 with 110 complete
solutions graded A+.
What is third spacing? - ANSWER fluid accumulates in a nonfunctional area between cells and it is
difficult for it to move back into cells or blood vessels
What is the function of aldosterone? - ANSWER It increases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion
What are the functions of ANP and BNP? - ANSWER they are natural antagonists to aldosterone and
hormones made by cardiomyoctes, so when atrial pressure is too high they allow for excretion of
sodium and water
What are the clinical manifestations of hypernatremia? - ANSWER restlessness, agitation, lethargy,
coma, intense thirst, dry swollen tongue, postural hypotension, weight loss, increased pulse, weakness,
muscle cramps
What are the clinical manifestations of hyponatremia? - ANSWER irritability, confusion, dizziness,
tremors, seizures, coma, postural hypotension, increased pulse, vomiting
How is hypernatremia treated? - ANSWER IV fluids - hypotonic, isotonic
What are the clinical manifestations of hyperkalemia? - ANSWER tall peaked T waves, confusion, tetany,
muscle cramps, fatigue, paresthesias, weakness, abdominal cramping, vomiting, diarrhea
What is the treatment for hyperkalemia? - ANSWER Kayexalate (potassium binder), diuretics, dialysis, IV
insulin, IV calcium
What are the clinical manifestations of hypokalemia? - ANSWER fatigue, muscle weakness, decreased
reflexes, shallow respirations, weak pulse, flattened T wave, paralytic ileus, hyperglycemia
Why is potassium not given IV push or bolus? - ANSWER because potassium is irritating to the veins and
can cause cardiac arrest
