BIO 175 EXAM-GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY
FINAL EXAM GUIDE QUESTIONS WITH
100%RATED ANSWERS 2024/2025 LATEST
UPDATED/GET A+
Microbiology - The study of microorganisms (microscopic organisms), both unicellular and
multicellular.
Two Themes of Microbiology - 1. Understanding basic life processes.
2. Applying this understanding for the benefit of humankind.
Agents of Disease - (Impact of Microorganisms)
HIV, Tuberculosis, Malaria, et cetera.
Agriculture - (Impact of Microorganisms)
-Nitrogen Fixation
-Digestion in Ruminant Animals
-Nutrient Cycling
Food - (Impact of Microorganisms)
Spoilage and Fermentation
Energy & Environment - (Impact of Microorganisms)
-Biofuels
-Bioremediation
-Microbial Mining
Biotechnology - (Impact of Microorganisms)
-Genetic Engineering
-Pharmaceutical Production
-Gene Therapy
Johannes and Zacharias Jannsen - (Scientist Contribution)
Compound microscope design
Robert Hooke - (Scientist Contribution)
Published "Micrographia" with the first description of microorganisms, specifically moulds.
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek - (Scientist Contribution)
Discovered bacteria
"Wee Animalcules"
,Edward Jenner - (Scientist Contribution)
Observed that milkmaids infected with cowpox did not contract smallpox, leading to the first
vaccines in the western world.
Ignaz Semmelweiss - (Scientist Contribution)
Implemented hand-washing to reduce the transmission of disease.
Florence Nightingale - (Scientist Contribution)
Established the first standards of hygiene during the Crimean War, saving innumerable lives.
John Snow - (Scientist Contribution)
Mapped the occurrence of Cholera during a London epidemic.
His research helped create two branches of Microbiology; Epidemiology and Infection Control.
Louis Pasteur - (Scientist Contribution)
Disproved "Spontaneous Generation" with his swan-necked (Pasteur flask) experiments.
-Developed Pasteurisation Techniques.
-Developed vaccines for Rabies, Anthrax, and Cholera.
Ferdinand Cohn - (Scientist Contribution)
Laid the groundwork for system of classification.
Robert Koch - (Scientist Contribution)
Created 4 POSTULATES to demonstrate the microbial basis of disease.
Germ Theory of Disease - The belief that microorganisms are responsible for diseases and their
transmission.
Koch Postulate 1 - (Koch's Postulates)
The suspected pathogen must be present in all cases of the disease and absent from healthy
animals.
Koch Postulate 2 - (Koch's Postulates)
The suspected pathogen must be grown in PURE CULTURE.
Koch Postulate 3 - (Koch's Postulates)
Cells from a pure culture of the suspected pathogen must cause disease in a healthy animal
Koch Postulate 4 - (Koch's Postulates)
The suspected pathogen must be REISOLATED and shown to be the same as the original.
Koch's Postulates - Limitations - 1. Many fastidious organisms and all viruses cannot be grown
in pure culture.
2. Some hosts may have immunity to a pathogen resulting in them not being susceptible.
,3. Some microbes are a part of our normal microbiota but can become opportunistic pathogens
should conditions become suitable.
4. Ethical considerations limit testing of Koch's postulates.
Rosalind Franklin & Watson/Crick - (Scientist Contribution)
Discovered structure of DNA
Carl Woese & George Fox - (Scientist Contribution)
Discovery of "Archaea"
Stanley Prusiner - (Scientist Contribution)
Discovery of Prions
Spontaneous Generation - Hypothesis that living organisms can originate from nonliving
material
Spontaneous Generation Opponents - These people boiled a sealed, glass flask with a nutrient
solution, effectively sterilised the contents and prevented further contamination.
Spontaneous Generation Proponents - These people declared that "fresh air" was necessary for
Spontaneous Generation to occur.
Matter - Anything that has mass and takes up space
Atom - The smallest stable unit of matter
Proton - The positively charged subatomic particles
Neutron - The neutrally charged subatomic particles
Electron - The negatively charged subatomic particles.
Atomic Number - Number of protons
Element - The abbreviation, composed of a single type of atom and is determined by atomic
number
Mass Number - Protons + Neutrons
Isotope - Atoms of the same element whose nucleus contains the same number of protons but
different numbers of neutrons
Radioisotope - Unstable isotopes that emit radiation
Covalent Bond - A strong bond involving shared pairs of electrons between atoms.
, Can be Polar or Nonpolar.
Nonpolar Covalent Bond - Equal electron sharing
Molecules do not interact with water
Polar Covalent Bond - Unequal electron sharing
Molecules do interact with water
Molecules can also form Hydrogen Bonds
Ionic Bond - Chemical bond involving electron donating.
Electron Donor loses 1 or more e-
Electron Acceptor gains those lost e-
Anion - Ion with a NEGATIVE charge
Electron Acceptor
Cation - Ion with a POSITIVE charge
Electron Donor
Salts - Molecules that are bonded ionically.
Electrolytes - Salts dissolved in water are known as __________
Hydrogen Bond - Bond between adjacent molecules, NOT ATOMS.
Involve slightly positive and negative portions of polar molecules being attracted to one another.
Anabolism - All synthesis reactions in an organism
Catabolism - All decomposition reactions in an organism
Metabolism - Sum of all chemical reactions in an organism
Water - Most abundant compound in organisms
Special Characteristics of Water - 1. Cohesiveness
2. Excellent solvent
3. Liquid across wide range of temperatures
4. High heat capacity
5. Chemical reactivity
FINAL EXAM GUIDE QUESTIONS WITH
100%RATED ANSWERS 2024/2025 LATEST
UPDATED/GET A+
Microbiology - The study of microorganisms (microscopic organisms), both unicellular and
multicellular.
Two Themes of Microbiology - 1. Understanding basic life processes.
2. Applying this understanding for the benefit of humankind.
Agents of Disease - (Impact of Microorganisms)
HIV, Tuberculosis, Malaria, et cetera.
Agriculture - (Impact of Microorganisms)
-Nitrogen Fixation
-Digestion in Ruminant Animals
-Nutrient Cycling
Food - (Impact of Microorganisms)
Spoilage and Fermentation
Energy & Environment - (Impact of Microorganisms)
-Biofuels
-Bioremediation
-Microbial Mining
Biotechnology - (Impact of Microorganisms)
-Genetic Engineering
-Pharmaceutical Production
-Gene Therapy
Johannes and Zacharias Jannsen - (Scientist Contribution)
Compound microscope design
Robert Hooke - (Scientist Contribution)
Published "Micrographia" with the first description of microorganisms, specifically moulds.
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek - (Scientist Contribution)
Discovered bacteria
"Wee Animalcules"
,Edward Jenner - (Scientist Contribution)
Observed that milkmaids infected with cowpox did not contract smallpox, leading to the first
vaccines in the western world.
Ignaz Semmelweiss - (Scientist Contribution)
Implemented hand-washing to reduce the transmission of disease.
Florence Nightingale - (Scientist Contribution)
Established the first standards of hygiene during the Crimean War, saving innumerable lives.
John Snow - (Scientist Contribution)
Mapped the occurrence of Cholera during a London epidemic.
His research helped create two branches of Microbiology; Epidemiology and Infection Control.
Louis Pasteur - (Scientist Contribution)
Disproved "Spontaneous Generation" with his swan-necked (Pasteur flask) experiments.
-Developed Pasteurisation Techniques.
-Developed vaccines for Rabies, Anthrax, and Cholera.
Ferdinand Cohn - (Scientist Contribution)
Laid the groundwork for system of classification.
Robert Koch - (Scientist Contribution)
Created 4 POSTULATES to demonstrate the microbial basis of disease.
Germ Theory of Disease - The belief that microorganisms are responsible for diseases and their
transmission.
Koch Postulate 1 - (Koch's Postulates)
The suspected pathogen must be present in all cases of the disease and absent from healthy
animals.
Koch Postulate 2 - (Koch's Postulates)
The suspected pathogen must be grown in PURE CULTURE.
Koch Postulate 3 - (Koch's Postulates)
Cells from a pure culture of the suspected pathogen must cause disease in a healthy animal
Koch Postulate 4 - (Koch's Postulates)
The suspected pathogen must be REISOLATED and shown to be the same as the original.
Koch's Postulates - Limitations - 1. Many fastidious organisms and all viruses cannot be grown
in pure culture.
2. Some hosts may have immunity to a pathogen resulting in them not being susceptible.
,3. Some microbes are a part of our normal microbiota but can become opportunistic pathogens
should conditions become suitable.
4. Ethical considerations limit testing of Koch's postulates.
Rosalind Franklin & Watson/Crick - (Scientist Contribution)
Discovered structure of DNA
Carl Woese & George Fox - (Scientist Contribution)
Discovery of "Archaea"
Stanley Prusiner - (Scientist Contribution)
Discovery of Prions
Spontaneous Generation - Hypothesis that living organisms can originate from nonliving
material
Spontaneous Generation Opponents - These people boiled a sealed, glass flask with a nutrient
solution, effectively sterilised the contents and prevented further contamination.
Spontaneous Generation Proponents - These people declared that "fresh air" was necessary for
Spontaneous Generation to occur.
Matter - Anything that has mass and takes up space
Atom - The smallest stable unit of matter
Proton - The positively charged subatomic particles
Neutron - The neutrally charged subatomic particles
Electron - The negatively charged subatomic particles.
Atomic Number - Number of protons
Element - The abbreviation, composed of a single type of atom and is determined by atomic
number
Mass Number - Protons + Neutrons
Isotope - Atoms of the same element whose nucleus contains the same number of protons but
different numbers of neutrons
Radioisotope - Unstable isotopes that emit radiation
Covalent Bond - A strong bond involving shared pairs of electrons between atoms.
, Can be Polar or Nonpolar.
Nonpolar Covalent Bond - Equal electron sharing
Molecules do not interact with water
Polar Covalent Bond - Unequal electron sharing
Molecules do interact with water
Molecules can also form Hydrogen Bonds
Ionic Bond - Chemical bond involving electron donating.
Electron Donor loses 1 or more e-
Electron Acceptor gains those lost e-
Anion - Ion with a NEGATIVE charge
Electron Acceptor
Cation - Ion with a POSITIVE charge
Electron Donor
Salts - Molecules that are bonded ionically.
Electrolytes - Salts dissolved in water are known as __________
Hydrogen Bond - Bond between adjacent molecules, NOT ATOMS.
Involve slightly positive and negative portions of polar molecules being attracted to one another.
Anabolism - All synthesis reactions in an organism
Catabolism - All decomposition reactions in an organism
Metabolism - Sum of all chemical reactions in an organism
Water - Most abundant compound in organisms
Special Characteristics of Water - 1. Cohesiveness
2. Excellent solvent
3. Liquid across wide range of temperatures
4. High heat capacity
5. Chemical reactivity
