Chapter 2 Summary of principles of economics by grogery mankiwa 8th edition

Thinking Like an Economist

Economics, as a social science, seeks to explain how individuals and societies allocate scarce
resources. Economists approach problems methodically, using models and theories to analyze the
world and advise on policies. This chapter focuses on their methods and tools.




I. The Economist as Scientist


Economists, like scientists, use the scientific method to study the economy. They start with
observations, formulate hypotheses, and test these using data from real-world phenomena. Unlike
in natural sciences, controlled experiments are rare, so economists often rely on natural
experiments provided by historical events or variations across time and space.



1. Scientific Method in Economics



Economists aim to explain cause-and-effect relationships. For example, they might investigate how
changes in interest rates affect consumer spending. Their tools include data collection, statistical
analysis, and economic models.



2. The Role of Models



Economic models are simplified representations of reality, focusing on the key relationships among
variables. They are like maps: useful but not identical to the real world.



Two key models discussed are:



(a) The Circular-Flow Diagram