ESL TEXES Supplemental / Questions with Certified
Solutions/ Newly Updated 2025.
Terms in this set (179)
Acculturation The process of adapting to a new culture.
The process of acculturation assimilation & marginalization
occurs through several
strategies including the
following:
Assimilation The members of a group are absorbed into a culture and
lose characteristics of the first culture. The group is willing or
forced to accept the surface and deep culture of the new
culture and give up original culture.
Marginalization Groups lacking desirable traits are excluded from society.
These groups include poor, uneducated, undesirable color
and language. These groups will stay on the margin of
acceptance by society unless there is social intervention.
Adaptation Finding ways to adapt to and become part of the new
culture while maintaining important values and customs of
the original culture.
Affective Filter The psychological barrier that allows input to be filtered
through to a language processing mechanism. A low filter
has little anxiety increasing comprehension and attention.
Deciding to become like members of the new culture, to
Assimilation accept their surface and deep culture, and giving up the
original culture.
,Bilingual Education An educational program in which two languages are used
during instruction in order to 1) continue primary language
development, 2) provide instruction in content in both L1
and L2, and 3) English acquisition.
BICS (Cummins, J. 1979-1980) Basic Interpersonal
Communication Skills: Skills necessary for functioning in
every day life, face-to face interactions. These skills usually
take about two years to develop in most second language
learners.
Brain Laterization Refers to functions of the left and right hemispheres of the
brain which affects language acquisition.
CALP (Cummins, J. 1979-1980) Cognitive Academic Language
Proficiency: The aspects of language linked to literacy and
academic achievement. These skills usually take five to
seven years to fully develop in Second language learners.
Chompsky, Noam Professor Emeritus of Linguistics, MIT. He is credited with
the creation of the Theory of Generative Grammar. His
naturalistic approach to the study of language affected the
philosophy of language and mind through his theory of the
Language Acquistion Device. His work influenced the works
of Krashen and Terrell among others.
Cognates Words which have a common origin. There are 3 distinct
levels. They are: True Cognate- Partial
Cognate- False Cognate
The word is spelled the same, meaning the same, but
pronunciation will be different according to language
True Cognate
structure of the words such as an accent mark.
Example: English- rodeo Spanish- rodeo
,Partial Cognate The word in other languages has the same origin but the
spelling will differ. The meaning will be the same but the
pronunciation due to the language structure will be different.
Example: english- fragrance spanishfrangancia english- apple
german apfel
False Cognate The word in another language may have the same origin but
will have different spelling and different meaning.
Pronunciation will be different. Example: English- ext- to go
out, leave Spanish- exito- success English- embarrassed-
uncomfortable Spanish
embarazada- pregnant
Cognitive Strategies Learning strategies that are taught to promote independent
learning and higher order thinking skills.
Comprehensible Input Language that is understood by the learner. Focuses on
meaning first and uses simplified speech.
Connotation The implying or suggesting of an additional meaning for a
word or phrase apart from the explicit meaning.
Culture is shared beliefs, values , and rule governed by patterns of
behavior that define a group. (Peregoy & Boyle, 2001) It
includes what people know and believe, what people do,
and what people make and use.
Surface Culture Part of culture that can be seen: Language, clothing, food,
customs, and art.
Deep Culture Below the surface are the more meaningful and powerful
aspects of culture: a. Beliefs- what we see as truth b.
Norms- unwritten rules for behavior c. valueswhat we hold
most important
The realization of the depth of difference between home
Culture Shock culture and the new culture; may cause frustration, anger, and
depression.
, Cummins, Jim Professor, University of Toronto/ is one of the world's
leading authorities on bilingual education and second
language acquisition. The acronyms "BICS" and "CALP" were
first introduced by him in 1979-1980. The distinction of the
two skills were intended to draw attention to different time
periods required by the learner in the language acquisition
process.
Denotation The most specific or literal meaning of a word, as opposed
to its figurative senses or connotations.
Dialect A variety of a language defined by both geographical factors
and social factors, such as class, religion, and ethnicity.
Discourse is a continuous stretch of speech or written text, going
beyond a sentence to express thought.
Example: style in writing or rules of conversation.
Discourse Analysis Analyzing written or spoken language.
ELL English Language Learner
ESL English as a Second Language
ESOL English for speakers of Other Languages
Ethnocentrism Belief by an individual or group that their beliefs, values
and customs are the only right way and the inability to
see value in difference.
The input hypothesis is Krashen's attempt to explain how
the learner acquires a second language. The input
hypothesis is only concerned with "acquistion," not
i+1 learning. According to his hypothesis, the learner improves
and progresses along the "natural order" when he/she
receives a second language "input" that is one step beyond
his/her current stage of linguistic competence.
Solutions/ Newly Updated 2025.
Terms in this set (179)
Acculturation The process of adapting to a new culture.
The process of acculturation assimilation & marginalization
occurs through several
strategies including the
following:
Assimilation The members of a group are absorbed into a culture and
lose characteristics of the first culture. The group is willing or
forced to accept the surface and deep culture of the new
culture and give up original culture.
Marginalization Groups lacking desirable traits are excluded from society.
These groups include poor, uneducated, undesirable color
and language. These groups will stay on the margin of
acceptance by society unless there is social intervention.
Adaptation Finding ways to adapt to and become part of the new
culture while maintaining important values and customs of
the original culture.
Affective Filter The psychological barrier that allows input to be filtered
through to a language processing mechanism. A low filter
has little anxiety increasing comprehension and attention.
Deciding to become like members of the new culture, to
Assimilation accept their surface and deep culture, and giving up the
original culture.
,Bilingual Education An educational program in which two languages are used
during instruction in order to 1) continue primary language
development, 2) provide instruction in content in both L1
and L2, and 3) English acquisition.
BICS (Cummins, J. 1979-1980) Basic Interpersonal
Communication Skills: Skills necessary for functioning in
every day life, face-to face interactions. These skills usually
take about two years to develop in most second language
learners.
Brain Laterization Refers to functions of the left and right hemispheres of the
brain which affects language acquisition.
CALP (Cummins, J. 1979-1980) Cognitive Academic Language
Proficiency: The aspects of language linked to literacy and
academic achievement. These skills usually take five to
seven years to fully develop in Second language learners.
Chompsky, Noam Professor Emeritus of Linguistics, MIT. He is credited with
the creation of the Theory of Generative Grammar. His
naturalistic approach to the study of language affected the
philosophy of language and mind through his theory of the
Language Acquistion Device. His work influenced the works
of Krashen and Terrell among others.
Cognates Words which have a common origin. There are 3 distinct
levels. They are: True Cognate- Partial
Cognate- False Cognate
The word is spelled the same, meaning the same, but
pronunciation will be different according to language
True Cognate
structure of the words such as an accent mark.
Example: English- rodeo Spanish- rodeo
,Partial Cognate The word in other languages has the same origin but the
spelling will differ. The meaning will be the same but the
pronunciation due to the language structure will be different.
Example: english- fragrance spanishfrangancia english- apple
german apfel
False Cognate The word in another language may have the same origin but
will have different spelling and different meaning.
Pronunciation will be different. Example: English- ext- to go
out, leave Spanish- exito- success English- embarrassed-
uncomfortable Spanish
embarazada- pregnant
Cognitive Strategies Learning strategies that are taught to promote independent
learning and higher order thinking skills.
Comprehensible Input Language that is understood by the learner. Focuses on
meaning first and uses simplified speech.
Connotation The implying or suggesting of an additional meaning for a
word or phrase apart from the explicit meaning.
Culture is shared beliefs, values , and rule governed by patterns of
behavior that define a group. (Peregoy & Boyle, 2001) It
includes what people know and believe, what people do,
and what people make and use.
Surface Culture Part of culture that can be seen: Language, clothing, food,
customs, and art.
Deep Culture Below the surface are the more meaningful and powerful
aspects of culture: a. Beliefs- what we see as truth b.
Norms- unwritten rules for behavior c. valueswhat we hold
most important
The realization of the depth of difference between home
Culture Shock culture and the new culture; may cause frustration, anger, and
depression.
, Cummins, Jim Professor, University of Toronto/ is one of the world's
leading authorities on bilingual education and second
language acquisition. The acronyms "BICS" and "CALP" were
first introduced by him in 1979-1980. The distinction of the
two skills were intended to draw attention to different time
periods required by the learner in the language acquisition
process.
Denotation The most specific or literal meaning of a word, as opposed
to its figurative senses or connotations.
Dialect A variety of a language defined by both geographical factors
and social factors, such as class, religion, and ethnicity.
Discourse is a continuous stretch of speech or written text, going
beyond a sentence to express thought.
Example: style in writing or rules of conversation.
Discourse Analysis Analyzing written or spoken language.
ELL English Language Learner
ESL English as a Second Language
ESOL English for speakers of Other Languages
Ethnocentrism Belief by an individual or group that their beliefs, values
and customs are the only right way and the inability to
see value in difference.
The input hypothesis is Krashen's attempt to explain how
the learner acquires a second language. The input
hypothesis is only concerned with "acquistion," not
i+1 learning. According to his hypothesis, the learner improves
and progresses along the "natural order" when he/she
receives a second language "input" that is one step beyond
his/her current stage of linguistic competence.
