OTE 645 EXAM 4 UNIT 3 QUESTIONS WITH
100%RATED ANSWERS 2024/2025 LATEST
UPDATED/GET A+
sternocleidomastoid - attachment: sternum, clavicle, mastoid process
innervation: CN XI: spinal accessory
unilateral function: contralateral head roations, ipsilateral neck flexion
bilateral function: neck flexion
what is deep to sternocleidomastoid - Internal carotid arter, external carotid artery, common
carotid arter, ansa cervicalis, internal jugular vein
attachments of hyoid bone - muscles and ligaments, muscles of tongue and floor of mouth,
middle pharyngela constrictor and epiglottis, larynx below
what is hyoid bone involved in - tongue movement, swallowing (elevates with swallowing by
closing off glottis during swallowing), and voice production
infrahyoid muscles - thyrohyoid, thyroid cartilage, sternothyroid, sternohyoid, omohyoid
function and innervation of infrahyoid muscles - depress hyoid and/or larynx
innervated mostly by ansa cervicallis
ansa cervicalis - inputs from C1-C3
motor innervation to infrahyoid muscles
anterior branches of cervical plexus - hypoglassal nerve (CN XII), ansa cervalis (C1 to C3, motor
function to infrahyoid muscles), and phrenic nerve (C3-C5, motor function to diaphragm)
suprahyoid muscles - mylohoid, digastric, stylohyoid, geniohyoid, hypoglossus,
what do suprahyoid muscles do - elevate hyoid bone
-if hyoid bone is fixed in place, they can assist in depressing the mandible
contents of carotid sheath - common carotid artery (anterior), internal jugular vein(posterior),
vagus nerve (deep)
,-sympathetic chain is deep to carotid sheath
external carotid artery branches - maxillary artery, facial artery, lingual artery, superior thyroid
artery
ischemic stroke - thrombosis: clot in carotid artery, extends directly to MCA
embolism: clot fragment from heart or more proximal artery
hypoxia: hypotension and poor cerebral perfusion, border zone infarcts, no vascular occlusion
hemorrhagic stroke - subarachnoid hemorrage: ruptured aneurysm
intracerebral hemorrhage: hypertensive
solutions for buildup of debris in carotid artery - carotid endarterectomy, carotid stent
how do superficial lymph nodes of face and neck drain to deep cervical nodes - nodes along the
internal jugular vein within the carotid sheath
where is submandibular gland - wraps around mylohyoid, (digastric triangle)
thyroid gland - endocrine gland: thyroid hormone controls basal metabolic rate
left and right lobes connected by isthmus
blood supply from superior thyroid A (first branch of external carotid A) and inferior thyroid A
thyroid descent - starts at base of tongue, moves lower in neck
thyroglossal duct normall disappears after birth, sometimes part of it remains-leads to:
thyroglossal duct cyst
pyramidal lobe: additional thyroid tissue
parathyroid glands - four small glands behind thyroid gland
increases calcium levels in blood
calvaria - skull cap
sutures in skull - fibrous type joints
what area of skull is most vulnerable to fracture - pterion- where frontal, temporal, sphenoid, and
parietal bones join
, frontanelles - soft spots
closure 12-24 months after birth
sutures of brain - frontal (fused after infancy)
coronal: between parietal and frontal
sagittal: between parietal bones
lamboid: between occiptal and each parietal bone
cranial base - posterior cranial fossa, middle cranial fossa, and anterior cranial fossa
anterior cranial fossa - houses frontal lobe
ethmoid bone
middle cranial fossa - sella turcia (houses pituitary gland)
foramen lacerum (filled with cartilage)
foramen rotundum (V2)
foramen ovale (trigeminal (V3))
foramen spinosum (middle meningela artery)
posterior cranial fossa - houses cerebellum, pons, and medulla
jugular foramen (internal jugular vein, CN IX, CN X, CN XI)
foramen magnum (brainstem and spinal cord, CN XII)
hypoglossal canal (CN XII)
3 divisions of trigeminal nerve (C V) - V1 - ophthalmic
V2 - maxillary
V3 - mandibular
facial expression muscles - frontalis
orbiculari oculi orbital part
orbicularis oculi palpebral part
100%RATED ANSWERS 2024/2025 LATEST
UPDATED/GET A+
sternocleidomastoid - attachment: sternum, clavicle, mastoid process
innervation: CN XI: spinal accessory
unilateral function: contralateral head roations, ipsilateral neck flexion
bilateral function: neck flexion
what is deep to sternocleidomastoid - Internal carotid arter, external carotid artery, common
carotid arter, ansa cervicalis, internal jugular vein
attachments of hyoid bone - muscles and ligaments, muscles of tongue and floor of mouth,
middle pharyngela constrictor and epiglottis, larynx below
what is hyoid bone involved in - tongue movement, swallowing (elevates with swallowing by
closing off glottis during swallowing), and voice production
infrahyoid muscles - thyrohyoid, thyroid cartilage, sternothyroid, sternohyoid, omohyoid
function and innervation of infrahyoid muscles - depress hyoid and/or larynx
innervated mostly by ansa cervicallis
ansa cervicalis - inputs from C1-C3
motor innervation to infrahyoid muscles
anterior branches of cervical plexus - hypoglassal nerve (CN XII), ansa cervalis (C1 to C3, motor
function to infrahyoid muscles), and phrenic nerve (C3-C5, motor function to diaphragm)
suprahyoid muscles - mylohoid, digastric, stylohyoid, geniohyoid, hypoglossus,
what do suprahyoid muscles do - elevate hyoid bone
-if hyoid bone is fixed in place, they can assist in depressing the mandible
contents of carotid sheath - common carotid artery (anterior), internal jugular vein(posterior),
vagus nerve (deep)
,-sympathetic chain is deep to carotid sheath
external carotid artery branches - maxillary artery, facial artery, lingual artery, superior thyroid
artery
ischemic stroke - thrombosis: clot in carotid artery, extends directly to MCA
embolism: clot fragment from heart or more proximal artery
hypoxia: hypotension and poor cerebral perfusion, border zone infarcts, no vascular occlusion
hemorrhagic stroke - subarachnoid hemorrage: ruptured aneurysm
intracerebral hemorrhage: hypertensive
solutions for buildup of debris in carotid artery - carotid endarterectomy, carotid stent
how do superficial lymph nodes of face and neck drain to deep cervical nodes - nodes along the
internal jugular vein within the carotid sheath
where is submandibular gland - wraps around mylohyoid, (digastric triangle)
thyroid gland - endocrine gland: thyroid hormone controls basal metabolic rate
left and right lobes connected by isthmus
blood supply from superior thyroid A (first branch of external carotid A) and inferior thyroid A
thyroid descent - starts at base of tongue, moves lower in neck
thyroglossal duct normall disappears after birth, sometimes part of it remains-leads to:
thyroglossal duct cyst
pyramidal lobe: additional thyroid tissue
parathyroid glands - four small glands behind thyroid gland
increases calcium levels in blood
calvaria - skull cap
sutures in skull - fibrous type joints
what area of skull is most vulnerable to fracture - pterion- where frontal, temporal, sphenoid, and
parietal bones join
, frontanelles - soft spots
closure 12-24 months after birth
sutures of brain - frontal (fused after infancy)
coronal: between parietal and frontal
sagittal: between parietal bones
lamboid: between occiptal and each parietal bone
cranial base - posterior cranial fossa, middle cranial fossa, and anterior cranial fossa
anterior cranial fossa - houses frontal lobe
ethmoid bone
middle cranial fossa - sella turcia (houses pituitary gland)
foramen lacerum (filled with cartilage)
foramen rotundum (V2)
foramen ovale (trigeminal (V3))
foramen spinosum (middle meningela artery)
posterior cranial fossa - houses cerebellum, pons, and medulla
jugular foramen (internal jugular vein, CN IX, CN X, CN XI)
foramen magnum (brainstem and spinal cord, CN XII)
hypoglossal canal (CN XII)
3 divisions of trigeminal nerve (C V) - V1 - ophthalmic
V2 - maxillary
V3 - mandibular
facial expression muscles - frontalis
orbiculari oculi orbital part
orbicularis oculi palpebral part
