Nanomedicine Test 2 2025
Questions and Answers 100% Pass
intravenous - ✔✔what is the fastest parenteral way to introduce nanoparticles into the
body?
examples of parenteral routes - ✔✔injected, intravenous, intramuscular, intradermal,
nasal sprays, sublingual, systemic
bypass the GI tract and mucus membranes (the concentration is not reduced before it
reaches systemic circulation) - ✔✔why would you choose a parenteral route instead of
enteral?
enteral route - ✔✔route of administration that is through the mouth, systemic
parenteral - ✔✔what is the most common way NPs are administers?
pharmacokinetics - ✔✔describes the movement of a drug around the body
absorption, distribution, metabolism, expiration - ✔✔what does ADME stand for ?
toxicokinetics - ✔✔pharmakinetics studied at high doses
Tmax - ✔✔this is the highest point on the graph and the highest concentration of the
drug in the body, therapeutic effects AND side effects happen here
1 - ✔✔this is the absorption phase
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, 3 - ✔✔this is the elimination phase
half-life (T1/2) - ✔✔how much time it takes for the Cmax to be reduced by 50%
half life - ✔✔what occurs at the start of the elimination phase?
increase - ✔✔if we want prolonged blood circulation of the NP we will __________ the
half life
decrease - ✔✔if we want rapid elimination of the NP, we will _________ the half life
factors that contribute to rapid elimination - ✔✔opsonization or corona effect; renal
clearance
opsonization and mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) - ✔✔function of this system is
to inactive and eliminate dead cells, bacteria, and foreign particles
surface modification, size, surface charge, shape - ✔✔how can we avoid rapid clearance
by MPS?
surface modification - ✔✔conjugation of polyethylene glycol through covalent bond:
prevents nonspecific interactions with serum proteins, attachment of cholesterol and
other lipophilic groups, mushroom and brush model
drawbacks of surface modification - ✔✔weakens the interactions between the NPs and
the target cells, which often causes inefficient intercellular delivery; instability by
altering the hydrophilicity and hyrophobicity of the NP
conjugation of polyethylene glycol (PEG) through covalent bond - ✔✔classic way of
surface modification to avoid rapid clearance
size modification - ✔✔NPs that have a mean diameter of 100nm show prolonged blood
circulation
accelerated renal secretion - ✔✔an NP that is less than 100nm has
COPYRIGHT © 2025 BY GRACE AMELIA, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2
Questions and Answers 100% Pass
intravenous - ✔✔what is the fastest parenteral way to introduce nanoparticles into the
body?
examples of parenteral routes - ✔✔injected, intravenous, intramuscular, intradermal,
nasal sprays, sublingual, systemic
bypass the GI tract and mucus membranes (the concentration is not reduced before it
reaches systemic circulation) - ✔✔why would you choose a parenteral route instead of
enteral?
enteral route - ✔✔route of administration that is through the mouth, systemic
parenteral - ✔✔what is the most common way NPs are administers?
pharmacokinetics - ✔✔describes the movement of a drug around the body
absorption, distribution, metabolism, expiration - ✔✔what does ADME stand for ?
toxicokinetics - ✔✔pharmakinetics studied at high doses
Tmax - ✔✔this is the highest point on the graph and the highest concentration of the
drug in the body, therapeutic effects AND side effects happen here
1 - ✔✔this is the absorption phase
COPYRIGHT © 2025 BY GRACE AMELIA, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1
, 3 - ✔✔this is the elimination phase
half-life (T1/2) - ✔✔how much time it takes for the Cmax to be reduced by 50%
half life - ✔✔what occurs at the start of the elimination phase?
increase - ✔✔if we want prolonged blood circulation of the NP we will __________ the
half life
decrease - ✔✔if we want rapid elimination of the NP, we will _________ the half life
factors that contribute to rapid elimination - ✔✔opsonization or corona effect; renal
clearance
opsonization and mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) - ✔✔function of this system is
to inactive and eliminate dead cells, bacteria, and foreign particles
surface modification, size, surface charge, shape - ✔✔how can we avoid rapid clearance
by MPS?
surface modification - ✔✔conjugation of polyethylene glycol through covalent bond:
prevents nonspecific interactions with serum proteins, attachment of cholesterol and
other lipophilic groups, mushroom and brush model
drawbacks of surface modification - ✔✔weakens the interactions between the NPs and
the target cells, which often causes inefficient intercellular delivery; instability by
altering the hydrophilicity and hyrophobicity of the NP
conjugation of polyethylene glycol (PEG) through covalent bond - ✔✔classic way of
surface modification to avoid rapid clearance
size modification - ✔✔NPs that have a mean diameter of 100nm show prolonged blood
circulation
accelerated renal secretion - ✔✔an NP that is less than 100nm has
COPYRIGHT © 2025 BY GRACE AMELIA, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2
