Pathophysiology (NR283) Study Guide
Exam 1 |100% Correct Questions and
Verified Answers| 2025/ 2026 LATEST!!-
Chamberlain
Hypertrophy
Increase in cell size - results in enlarged tissue mass
Causes of hypertrophy
Additional work by the tissue
Excessive hormonal stimulation
Examples of hypertrophy
Enlarged heart resulting from increased demands
Effect of consistent exercise on skeletal muscle, leading to an enlarged muscle mass
Atrophy
Decrease in cell size - results in reduced tissue mass
Causes of atrophy
Reduced use of the tissue
Insufficient nutrition
Decreased neurologic or hormonal stimulation
Aging
Example of atrophy
Shrinkage of skeletal muscle that occurs when a limb is immobilized in a cast for
several weeks
Hyperplasia
Increase in number of cells - results in enlarged tissue mass
Cause of hyperplasia
Compensatory mechanism to meet increased demand or pathologic when there is a
hormonal imbalance
In some cases and can occur simultaneously, as in the uterine
enlargement that occurs during pregnancy
Hyperplasia and hypertrophy
Metaplasia
Mature cell type that is replaced by a different mature cell type
Adaptive mechanism that provides more resistance tissue
, Example of metaplasia
Smoker cells
Dysplasia
Abnormal growth or development of a tissue or organ
Cells vary in size and shape within a tissue
Large nuclei are frequently present
Rate of mitosis is increased
Causes of dysplasia
Chronic irritation
Infection
Precancerous change
Neoplasia
"New growth" or tumor
Ischemia
Deficient of oxygen in the cells
Most common cause of cell damage
Ischemia
Hypoxia
Deficiency in amount of oxygen in the tissues
Causes of cell damage
- Ischemia
- Hypoxia
- Physical damage (excessive heat or cold; radiation exposure)
- Mechanical damage (pressure of tearing tissue)
- Chemical toxins
- Microorganisms
- Abnormal metabolites
- Nutritional deficits
- Imbalance of fluids or electrolytes
Stages of cell damage
Reversible and irreversible
Reversible cell damage
Exam 1 |100% Correct Questions and
Verified Answers| 2025/ 2026 LATEST!!-
Chamberlain
Hypertrophy
Increase in cell size - results in enlarged tissue mass
Causes of hypertrophy
Additional work by the tissue
Excessive hormonal stimulation
Examples of hypertrophy
Enlarged heart resulting from increased demands
Effect of consistent exercise on skeletal muscle, leading to an enlarged muscle mass
Atrophy
Decrease in cell size - results in reduced tissue mass
Causes of atrophy
Reduced use of the tissue
Insufficient nutrition
Decreased neurologic or hormonal stimulation
Aging
Example of atrophy
Shrinkage of skeletal muscle that occurs when a limb is immobilized in a cast for
several weeks
Hyperplasia
Increase in number of cells - results in enlarged tissue mass
Cause of hyperplasia
Compensatory mechanism to meet increased demand or pathologic when there is a
hormonal imbalance
In some cases and can occur simultaneously, as in the uterine
enlargement that occurs during pregnancy
Hyperplasia and hypertrophy
Metaplasia
Mature cell type that is replaced by a different mature cell type
Adaptive mechanism that provides more resistance tissue
, Example of metaplasia
Smoker cells
Dysplasia
Abnormal growth or development of a tissue or organ
Cells vary in size and shape within a tissue
Large nuclei are frequently present
Rate of mitosis is increased
Causes of dysplasia
Chronic irritation
Infection
Precancerous change
Neoplasia
"New growth" or tumor
Ischemia
Deficient of oxygen in the cells
Most common cause of cell damage
Ischemia
Hypoxia
Deficiency in amount of oxygen in the tissues
Causes of cell damage
- Ischemia
- Hypoxia
- Physical damage (excessive heat or cold; radiation exposure)
- Mechanical damage (pressure of tearing tissue)
- Chemical toxins
- Microorganisms
- Abnormal metabolites
- Nutritional deficits
- Imbalance of fluids or electrolytes
Stages of cell damage
Reversible and irreversible
Reversible cell damage
