HIEU 242 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
David Ricardo - CORRECT ANSWER- (1772-1823) British economist (economic
liberalist). "Principles of Political Economy and Taxation." Assumed the existence of an
"iron law of wages": if wages were left to the laws of supply and demand, they would fall
to near subsistence level. Believed the government should have no part in regulation.
Said that the "invisible hand" of the economy would bring continued economic growth,
with the bulk of profit going into employers' pockets.
Utopian Socialism - CORRECT ANSWER- Ideas were partly shaped by their reaction
against the social consequences of economic liberalism. Considered the living
conditions of the laboring poor. The "social question" was their miserable living
conditions. Envisioned a world of cooperation. They were optimistic about the power of
science and technology to construct new social and political institutions.
Charles Fourier - CORRECT ANSWER- (1772-1837) Utopian socialist. Said the art of
selling was the practice of lying and deception. Wanted to improve the conditions of
humanity. Believed that history moved in cycles toward a more perfect future and that
the next stage would be based on mankind's discovery that the principles of cooperation
and harmony would free everyone from the repression of bourgeois individualism.
Robert Owen - CORRECT ANSWER- Utopian socialist. Believed education and
environment could shape the spirit of cooperation. Worked on factory reforms for
children by limiting hours and increasing wages. Started the New Lanark schools and
fought for women's equality, emphasizing the special qualities of motherhood.
Scientific Socialism - CORRECT ANSWER- Belief that social and political
developments are determined by economic conditions. Related to Marxism.
Karl Marx - CORRECT ANSWER- (1818-1883) "Communist Manifesto." (1848)
Scientific socialist who believed the scientific certainty of class struggle was inevitable.
Believed a revolution by workers would be prepared by the organizational efforts of a
group of committed revolutionaries.
Friedrich Engels - CORRECT ANSWER- (1820-1895) "The Conditions of the Working
Classes of England." (1844) Developed Marxist Theory with Karl Marx. Supported
Marx's idea of revolution and communist triumph. Co-authored "Communist Manifesto"
and continued Marx's work after his death.
,Marxism vs. Utopian Socialism - CORRECT ANSWER- Both raise the issue of property
and redistribution. Both emphasize the need to consider poor labor conditions. Utopian
socialists emphasize cooperation, whereas Marxism emphasizes revolution.
Revolutions of 1848 - CORRECT ANSWER- Split between liberals and radicals after
the revolution. Resistance from social and political forces.
French Political Revolution - CORRECT ANSWER- (February 1848) The desire for a
republic and universal suffrage intensified. Caught between nobles insisting that the
monarchy lacked dynasty legitimacy and republicans demanding a regime based on
popular sovereignty. Republicans campaigned for electoral reform. Workers demanded
the right to vote and state assistance for their trades. France's premier, Francois Guizot,
banned the electoral reform campaign, leading Louis-Philippe to dismiss him. Protests
continued and the Second French Republic was established.
Louis Blanc - CORRECT ANSWER- (1811-1882) Looked to governments to give
scientists a free hand in applying their talents to the betterment of the human condition.
He argued for the "right to work," which would require employment in times of distress
and decent wage in the face of unchecked competition. Brought workers together
through workshops in the hopes of increasing workers' influence on government through
the establishment of universal suffrage.
French Social Revolution - CORRECT ANSWER- (June 1848) National Workshops
were closed, leading to uprising of the working class called the "June Days." This lasted
for 3 days and led to 15,000 deaths. Workers were pitted against the bourgeoisie. Many
people believed Louis Napoleon could restore stability, who won over those who
supported a republic.
Habsburg Monarchy - CORRECT ANSWER- Liberals opposed Habsburg autocracy.
They wanted constitutional reform, emancipation of the peasantry, greater
administrative efficiency, freedom of the press, and expansion of the electoral franchise.
Lajos Kassuth led in the main goal of reaching an independent Hungary. He saw their
partnership with Austria as an obstacle to liberal reform and Magyar nationalism.
Crowds demanded reform in March, where several people were killed.
Alexander Bach - CORRECT ANSWER- (1813-1893) Minister of the interior for Austria.
Reformed the Habsburg legal system. Introduced the "Bach System," which involved
carefully coordinated bureaucratic surveillance, spying, and repression that helped to
get rid of political opposition.
, Realpolitik - CORRECT ANSWER- Bismarck's type of politics. The pursuit of a nation's
self-interest based on a realistic assessment of the costs and consequences of action.
Absence of moral or ethical considerations, overrun by Bismarck's unshakable
determination to enhance the power of the Prussian monarchy and nobility. He wanted
to create a modern bureaucratic state that would be strong and secular.
Napoleon III - CORRECT ANSWER- First president of France (1848-1851). When he
could not constitutionally be reelected, he assumed the title of Emperor of France,
establishing the Second French Empire. He worked to modernize the economy, rebuild
the center of Paris, expand the overseas empire, and increase state power.
Georges Haussmann - CORRECT ANSWER- (1809-1891) Napoleon III placed the
planning of rebuilding Paris in his hands, which began the most extensive project of
urban renewal since the rebuilding of London. The pair wanted to facilitate the
expansion of commerce and industry through the creation of long, wide boulevards,
which would be lined by apartment buildings. They also wanted to make Paris a
healthier place by building clean water sources and sewers.
Crimean War - CORRECT ANSWER- (1853-1856) Russian war against the Ottoman
Empire for control and access to the Aegean and Mediterranean Seas. Appearance of
Florence Nightingale who exposed the poor conditions wounded and sick soldiers
faced. She helped nursing emerge as a more respected profession. This war also
ended the alliance between Austria and Russia.
Ernest Gellner - CORRECT ANSWER- Believed nationalism was primarily a political
principle that held the political and national unit as congruent. Said that economy and
social structure should be centered around industrialism and that communities were
clearly separated.
Benedict Anderson - CORRECT ANSWER- (1983) "Imagined Communities." Explored
the origin of nationalism. Argued that any large community in which members do not
know each other face-to-face must be imagined to some degree. He believed that the
formation of nation-states was "copied" from other territories and that the process came
in waves.
Ernest Renan - CORRECT ANSWER- (1882) "What is a Nation?" Defined a nation by
the desire of a people to live together, which he defined by the statement, "having done
great things together and wanting to do more."
David Ricardo - CORRECT ANSWER- (1772-1823) British economist (economic
liberalist). "Principles of Political Economy and Taxation." Assumed the existence of an
"iron law of wages": if wages were left to the laws of supply and demand, they would fall
to near subsistence level. Believed the government should have no part in regulation.
Said that the "invisible hand" of the economy would bring continued economic growth,
with the bulk of profit going into employers' pockets.
Utopian Socialism - CORRECT ANSWER- Ideas were partly shaped by their reaction
against the social consequences of economic liberalism. Considered the living
conditions of the laboring poor. The "social question" was their miserable living
conditions. Envisioned a world of cooperation. They were optimistic about the power of
science and technology to construct new social and political institutions.
Charles Fourier - CORRECT ANSWER- (1772-1837) Utopian socialist. Said the art of
selling was the practice of lying and deception. Wanted to improve the conditions of
humanity. Believed that history moved in cycles toward a more perfect future and that
the next stage would be based on mankind's discovery that the principles of cooperation
and harmony would free everyone from the repression of bourgeois individualism.
Robert Owen - CORRECT ANSWER- Utopian socialist. Believed education and
environment could shape the spirit of cooperation. Worked on factory reforms for
children by limiting hours and increasing wages. Started the New Lanark schools and
fought for women's equality, emphasizing the special qualities of motherhood.
Scientific Socialism - CORRECT ANSWER- Belief that social and political
developments are determined by economic conditions. Related to Marxism.
Karl Marx - CORRECT ANSWER- (1818-1883) "Communist Manifesto." (1848)
Scientific socialist who believed the scientific certainty of class struggle was inevitable.
Believed a revolution by workers would be prepared by the organizational efforts of a
group of committed revolutionaries.
Friedrich Engels - CORRECT ANSWER- (1820-1895) "The Conditions of the Working
Classes of England." (1844) Developed Marxist Theory with Karl Marx. Supported
Marx's idea of revolution and communist triumph. Co-authored "Communist Manifesto"
and continued Marx's work after his death.
,Marxism vs. Utopian Socialism - CORRECT ANSWER- Both raise the issue of property
and redistribution. Both emphasize the need to consider poor labor conditions. Utopian
socialists emphasize cooperation, whereas Marxism emphasizes revolution.
Revolutions of 1848 - CORRECT ANSWER- Split between liberals and radicals after
the revolution. Resistance from social and political forces.
French Political Revolution - CORRECT ANSWER- (February 1848) The desire for a
republic and universal suffrage intensified. Caught between nobles insisting that the
monarchy lacked dynasty legitimacy and republicans demanding a regime based on
popular sovereignty. Republicans campaigned for electoral reform. Workers demanded
the right to vote and state assistance for their trades. France's premier, Francois Guizot,
banned the electoral reform campaign, leading Louis-Philippe to dismiss him. Protests
continued and the Second French Republic was established.
Louis Blanc - CORRECT ANSWER- (1811-1882) Looked to governments to give
scientists a free hand in applying their talents to the betterment of the human condition.
He argued for the "right to work," which would require employment in times of distress
and decent wage in the face of unchecked competition. Brought workers together
through workshops in the hopes of increasing workers' influence on government through
the establishment of universal suffrage.
French Social Revolution - CORRECT ANSWER- (June 1848) National Workshops
were closed, leading to uprising of the working class called the "June Days." This lasted
for 3 days and led to 15,000 deaths. Workers were pitted against the bourgeoisie. Many
people believed Louis Napoleon could restore stability, who won over those who
supported a republic.
Habsburg Monarchy - CORRECT ANSWER- Liberals opposed Habsburg autocracy.
They wanted constitutional reform, emancipation of the peasantry, greater
administrative efficiency, freedom of the press, and expansion of the electoral franchise.
Lajos Kassuth led in the main goal of reaching an independent Hungary. He saw their
partnership with Austria as an obstacle to liberal reform and Magyar nationalism.
Crowds demanded reform in March, where several people were killed.
Alexander Bach - CORRECT ANSWER- (1813-1893) Minister of the interior for Austria.
Reformed the Habsburg legal system. Introduced the "Bach System," which involved
carefully coordinated bureaucratic surveillance, spying, and repression that helped to
get rid of political opposition.
, Realpolitik - CORRECT ANSWER- Bismarck's type of politics. The pursuit of a nation's
self-interest based on a realistic assessment of the costs and consequences of action.
Absence of moral or ethical considerations, overrun by Bismarck's unshakable
determination to enhance the power of the Prussian monarchy and nobility. He wanted
to create a modern bureaucratic state that would be strong and secular.
Napoleon III - CORRECT ANSWER- First president of France (1848-1851). When he
could not constitutionally be reelected, he assumed the title of Emperor of France,
establishing the Second French Empire. He worked to modernize the economy, rebuild
the center of Paris, expand the overseas empire, and increase state power.
Georges Haussmann - CORRECT ANSWER- (1809-1891) Napoleon III placed the
planning of rebuilding Paris in his hands, which began the most extensive project of
urban renewal since the rebuilding of London. The pair wanted to facilitate the
expansion of commerce and industry through the creation of long, wide boulevards,
which would be lined by apartment buildings. They also wanted to make Paris a
healthier place by building clean water sources and sewers.
Crimean War - CORRECT ANSWER- (1853-1856) Russian war against the Ottoman
Empire for control and access to the Aegean and Mediterranean Seas. Appearance of
Florence Nightingale who exposed the poor conditions wounded and sick soldiers
faced. She helped nursing emerge as a more respected profession. This war also
ended the alliance between Austria and Russia.
Ernest Gellner - CORRECT ANSWER- Believed nationalism was primarily a political
principle that held the political and national unit as congruent. Said that economy and
social structure should be centered around industrialism and that communities were
clearly separated.
Benedict Anderson - CORRECT ANSWER- (1983) "Imagined Communities." Explored
the origin of nationalism. Argued that any large community in which members do not
know each other face-to-face must be imagined to some degree. He believed that the
formation of nation-states was "copied" from other territories and that the process came
in waves.
Ernest Renan - CORRECT ANSWER- (1882) "What is a Nation?" Defined a nation by
the desire of a people to live together, which he defined by the statement, "having done
great things together and wanting to do more."
