NURS242 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
/.etiology - Answer-cause
direct cause
risk factors
idiopathic (no known etiology
/.Risk factors - Answer-characteristics or behaviors that increase the chance of
developing disease
/.pathogenesis - Answer-structural abnormalities
functional abnormalities
cell stimulation
Cell depression
/.cell stimulation - Answer-increased size, mechanical function, secretion
/.cell depression - Answer-decreased #, metabolism, mechanical function
/.manifestations - Answer-indications of disease
ways we know disease is present
results of tests and studies
/.compensatory mechanisms - Answer-body's attempt to compensate for loss or
alteration, fight back, make up for the change
acid base balance --> respiratory acidosis you get metabolic changes
inflammation related to fighting infection
/.sequela - Answer-consequences of a disease process
,condition resulting after a disease
something that routinely happens
/.complications - Answer-secondary often preventable problems known to occur with a
disease in some but not all cases
usually negative consequences
/.signs - Answer-objective evidence of disease
physical exam
observations
lab data
diagnostic testing
/.symptoms - Answer-subjective data from client
thoughts, feelings, memories
/.systemic - Answer-whole body
EX: fever
/.local - Answer-limited to one place or part of the body
/.syndromes - Answer-complex of signs & symptoms that occur together
EX: down's syndrome
/.prevalence - Answer-# of people in the population who have a disease at a given time
divided by the # of persons in the population
/.incidence - Answer-# of newly diagnosed cases in a year
divided by the # of persons in the populations
/.acute disease - Answer-short term: lasts a relatively short time (days to weeks)
relatively sudden onset
often serious or life threatening
,most common: respiratory illness, injuries, and infections other than respiratory
/.chronic diseases - Answer-long term
do not resolve spontaneously
more gradual onset
frequent cause of death
increasing incidence with increasing age
most common: arthritis, hearing impairment, hypertension, heart disease, chronic lung
disease, cancer
/.mortality - Answer-# of people dying in a year
divided by the # of people in the population
/.leading causes of death - Answer-1. Heart disease
2. Cancer
3. Stroke (CVA)
/.morbidity - Answer-extent of disability or illness in a population for a given disease
consequences of a disease, effects on a person's life
severity of illness, lost of work time, healthcare dollars, hospitalizations
/.atrophy - Answer-decrease in cell size
occurs in response to decreased work
/.hypertrophy - Answer-increase in cell size
/.hyperplasia - Answer-increase in # of cells
occurs in response to increased demand
/.metaplasia - Answer-substitution of one cell type for another
occurs in response to chronic irritation or inflammation
, /.dysplasia - Answer-deranged cell growth
cells with varying size, shape, appearance
usually precursor to cancer
can occur in any tissue in the body
/.mechanisms of cellular injury - Answer-hypoxic injury
free radical formation
physical injury
radiation
infection
chemical agents
/.hypoxic injury - Answer-decreased O2 interrupts oxidative metabolism and generation
of ATP
anaerobic metabolism
disruption of sodium/ potassium pump= cells swelling up and rupture releasing cellular
components
time to produce damage depends on degree of deprivation, metabolic needs of cells,
and well differentiated cells
/.physical agents - Answer-mechanical
temperature (cold or hot)
electrical
/.radiation - Answer-ionizing or non-ionizing
/.irreversible cellular injury - Answer-necrosis
gangrene
/.necrosis - Answer-cell death in an organ or tissue
cellular changes:
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
/.etiology - Answer-cause
direct cause
risk factors
idiopathic (no known etiology
/.Risk factors - Answer-characteristics or behaviors that increase the chance of
developing disease
/.pathogenesis - Answer-structural abnormalities
functional abnormalities
cell stimulation
Cell depression
/.cell stimulation - Answer-increased size, mechanical function, secretion
/.cell depression - Answer-decreased #, metabolism, mechanical function
/.manifestations - Answer-indications of disease
ways we know disease is present
results of tests and studies
/.compensatory mechanisms - Answer-body's attempt to compensate for loss or
alteration, fight back, make up for the change
acid base balance --> respiratory acidosis you get metabolic changes
inflammation related to fighting infection
/.sequela - Answer-consequences of a disease process
,condition resulting after a disease
something that routinely happens
/.complications - Answer-secondary often preventable problems known to occur with a
disease in some but not all cases
usually negative consequences
/.signs - Answer-objective evidence of disease
physical exam
observations
lab data
diagnostic testing
/.symptoms - Answer-subjective data from client
thoughts, feelings, memories
/.systemic - Answer-whole body
EX: fever
/.local - Answer-limited to one place or part of the body
/.syndromes - Answer-complex of signs & symptoms that occur together
EX: down's syndrome
/.prevalence - Answer-# of people in the population who have a disease at a given time
divided by the # of persons in the population
/.incidence - Answer-# of newly diagnosed cases in a year
divided by the # of persons in the populations
/.acute disease - Answer-short term: lasts a relatively short time (days to weeks)
relatively sudden onset
often serious or life threatening
,most common: respiratory illness, injuries, and infections other than respiratory
/.chronic diseases - Answer-long term
do not resolve spontaneously
more gradual onset
frequent cause of death
increasing incidence with increasing age
most common: arthritis, hearing impairment, hypertension, heart disease, chronic lung
disease, cancer
/.mortality - Answer-# of people dying in a year
divided by the # of people in the population
/.leading causes of death - Answer-1. Heart disease
2. Cancer
3. Stroke (CVA)
/.morbidity - Answer-extent of disability or illness in a population for a given disease
consequences of a disease, effects on a person's life
severity of illness, lost of work time, healthcare dollars, hospitalizations
/.atrophy - Answer-decrease in cell size
occurs in response to decreased work
/.hypertrophy - Answer-increase in cell size
/.hyperplasia - Answer-increase in # of cells
occurs in response to increased demand
/.metaplasia - Answer-substitution of one cell type for another
occurs in response to chronic irritation or inflammation
, /.dysplasia - Answer-deranged cell growth
cells with varying size, shape, appearance
usually precursor to cancer
can occur in any tissue in the body
/.mechanisms of cellular injury - Answer-hypoxic injury
free radical formation
physical injury
radiation
infection
chemical agents
/.hypoxic injury - Answer-decreased O2 interrupts oxidative metabolism and generation
of ATP
anaerobic metabolism
disruption of sodium/ potassium pump= cells swelling up and rupture releasing cellular
components
time to produce damage depends on degree of deprivation, metabolic needs of cells,
and well differentiated cells
/.physical agents - Answer-mechanical
temperature (cold or hot)
electrical
/.radiation - Answer-ionizing or non-ionizing
/.irreversible cellular injury - Answer-necrosis
gangrene
/.necrosis - Answer-cell death in an organ or tissue
cellular changes:
