BCAT PRACTICE EXAM QUESTIONS AND 100% CORRECT & CERTFIED ANSWERS

BCAT PRACTICE EXAM QUESTIONS AND 100% CORRECT & CERTFIED ANSWERS "During extinction, a previously reinforced behavior is no longer followed by a reinforcer, and the behavior____________ in the future. A. decreases B. increases C. stays the same - CORRECT ANSWER A" "During an extinction burst, the behavior may temporarily increase in ____________, ______________, or _____________. - CORRECT ANSWER frequency, duration, or intensity" "A behavior will decrease more quickly after continuous reinforcement rather than intermittent reinforcement - CORRECT ANSWER ." "If you are using a differential reinforcement procedure, you are using extinction. This means you ignore the client when they engage in problem behavior as long as the behavior does not escalate to a crisis behavior (continuos severe aggression, property destruction, self injurious behavior) A. TRUE B. FALSE - CORRECT ANSWER A" "Your client often engages in aggression when you place a demand on him (e.g., tell him to sit at the table, clean up, etc.). The behavior intervention plan includes a DRA and provides instructions on how to reinforce compliance (e.g., when he does sit down or clean up, give him access to a favorite toy). What is missing? A. Description of a punishment procedure B. Instructions on what the parents should do C. Description of an extinction procedure D. Description of reinforcement procedure - CORRECT ANSWER C" "What are the essential components of a skill acquisition program: A. Target Goal B. Data Collection Method C. Teaching procedures D. All of the above - CORRECT ANSWER D" "Stimulus control is when a response is more likely to occur in the presence of a certain stimulus - CORRECT ANSWER A" "You put three pictures on the table in front of your client: a car, a block, and a dog. Then, you say "Point to dog." If your client points to the dog you say "YAY!" and give them a preferred toy. If they point to the car or the block, you do not say anything and move on to another trial. This lesson (delivering reinforcement for the correct response, no reinforcement for incorrect response) will result in: A. Stimulus fading B. Stimulus control C. Response control D. Response analysis - CORRECT ANSWER B" "When Julie sees her friend Carlos, she says "Carlos!" and Carlos looks at Julie and says "Hi, Julie!" When Julie sees her friend Tina, she says "Carlos!" and Tina does not look at Julie or say hi. These consequences will eventually lead to Julie only saying "Carlos" when Carlos is present, meaning her response of saying "Carlos" is now under stimulus control. A. TRUE B. FALSE - CORRECT ANSWER A" "Arthur is learning how to tie his shoes. His RBT says "Tie your shoes" then prompts each step for the entire task. The RBT continues this procedure until Arthur ties his shoes independently. What type of chaining procedure? A. Forward Chaining B. Backward Chaining C. Total Task D. None of the Above - CORRECT ANSWER C" "Which of the following labels a stimulus within the environment? A. echoic B. mand C. tact D. Intraverbal - CORRECT ANSWER C" "During receptive instructions the instructor models the behavior for the learner ( Stand up. touch nose) A. TRUE B. FALSE - CORRECT ANSWER B" "Who conceptualized verbal behavior? A. B.F. Skinner B. Donald Baer C. Edward Carr D. Jon Bailey - CORRECT ANSWER A" "Refusing to write your name when being presented with the instruction to do so: A. Attention B. Escape C. Automatic D. Tangible - CORRECT ANSWER B" "Throwing over a table when presented with an activity: A. Attention B. Escape C. Automatic D. Tangible - CORRECT ANSWER B" "Whenever Sally's mother starts talking to another person, Sally immediately begins taking off her clothes and and runs around the room. How could you prevent this behavior from occurring in the future? A. Make sure that Sally is wearing her favorite clothes. B. Hold Sally by the hand so she can't take off her clothes. C. Put Sally in her room when you have visitors. D. Teach appropriate ways to ask for attention. - CORRECT ANSWER D" "Which portion of the three term contingency maintains the behavior? A. Private Events B. Antecedent C. Consequence D. Attention - CORRECT ANSWER C" "The four functions of behavior include: attention, _________, tangible, and automatic (sensory) reinforcement A. escape B. power C. control D. none of the above - CORRECT ANSWER A" "Deficits in Social Emotional Reciprocity - CORRECT ANSWER Range from abnormal social approach and failure of normal back and forth conversations; to reduced sharing of interests, emotions, or affect: to failure to initiate or respond to social interactions." "Deficits in nonverbal communicative behaviors used for social interaction - CORRECT ANSWER Manifested by absent, reduced, or atypical use of eye contact (relative to cultural norms), gestures, facial expressions, body orientation, or speech intonation." "Deficits in developing maintaining and understanding relationships - CORRECT ANSWER Ranging from difficulties adjusting behavior to suit various social context; to difficulties in sharing imaginative play or in making friends; to absence of interest in peers." "Insistence on sameness, inflexible adherence to routines, or ritualized patterns of verbal or non-verbal behavior - CORRECT ANSWER Extreme distress at small changes, difficulties with transitions, rigid thinking patterns, greeting rituals, need to take same route or eat same food everyday" "Highly restricted, fixated interests that are abnormal in intensity or focus - CORRECT ANSWER Strong attachment to or preoccupation with unusual objects, excessively circumscribed or perseverative interest" "Hyper or Hypo reactivity to sensory input or unusual interests in sensory aspects of environment - CORRECT ANSWER Apparent indifference to pain/ temperature, adverse response to specific sounds or textures, excessive smelling or touching of objects, visual fascination with lights or movement." "Sally took off her shoe independently yesterday, her mother clapped her hands and said, "Way to go Sally!" Sally took her shoes off independently again today. - CORRECT ANSWER Example of positive reinforcement" "Something that causes the target behavior to decrease - CORRECT ANSWER Punisher" "Contingency - CORRECT ANSWER the relationship between two events, one being contingent or a consequence of the other event." "Motivating Operation - CORRECT ANSWER An environmental variable that alters the reinforcing effectiveness of some stimulus, object or event." "Stimulus - CORRECT ANSWER a thing that evokes a specific functional reaction; a thing that arouses activity or energy in someone, something that can elicit or evoke a physiological response" "Discriminative Stimulus - CORRECT ANSWER (the cue)(SD) a specific environmental event or condition in response to which a child is expected to exhibit particular behavior" "Stimulus Control - CORRECT ANSWER When the phone rings you answer it. When the school bell rings, the students go to class. When you ask "what is your favorite color?" the child says "red"." "Response - CORRECT ANSWER the specific instance of a particular behavior (Correct, Incorrect, No Response)" "Fluency-Based Instruction - CORRECT ANSWER a teaching model that encourages educators to teach specific elements of behavior over and over again until the behavior becomes fluent" "Time Delay Prompt - CORRECT ANSWER The transfer of stimulus control from the prompt to the target SD by increasing the elapsed time between the presentation of the target SD and the prompts across trials" "Chaining - CORRECT ANSWER A chain of sequences of SDs and responses where each response in the sequence (except for the last one) produces the SD for the next response in the sequence." "Shaping - CORRECT ANSWER Systematically reinforcing successive approximations of a target behavior while extinguishing previous approximations. The successive approximations become increasingly more similar to the target behavior." "Pacing - CORRECT ANSWER the speed or rate at which an instructor presents the task in a lesson, *In NET the learner effectively sets their own pace during therapy" "Non-contingent Reinforcement - CORRECT ANSWER the use of positive reinforcement that is not related to the occurrence of a target behavior * giving the reinforcement at timed intervals before the behavior occurs then increasing the number of times it is given until the behavior stops occurring without the reinforcer" "A BI removes a toy from a child so they can run a lesson. The child spits at the BI. The BI continues to run the lesson and does not allow the child access to the toy due to the spiting. - CORRECT ANSWER Access to Tangible Extinction" "A BI asks a child a question, the child hits the BI. The BI continues to ask the child the question and does not allow the child to escape the demand due to the hitting. The BI will prompt until the child can answer the question. - CORRECT ANSWER Escape Extinction" "A mother is on the phone, the child comes up to her and kicks her repeatedly. The mother ignores the behavior and makes the child ask for attention appropriately before giving the child attention - CORRECT ANSWER Attention Extinction" "Continuous Reinforcement - CORRECT ANSWER a method of learning that compels an individual to repeat a certain behavior *a reinforcer is delivered after every single target behavior" "Intermittent Reinforcement - CORRECT ANSWER the reinforcer is only given part of the time a subject gives the desired response" "Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behaviors (DRA) - CORRECT ANSWER the reinforcer is given when another more appropriate behavior is used or observed * used to teach replacement behaviors" "Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behaviors (DRI) - CORRECT ANSWER a procedure in which a behavior is identified that is incompatible with, or cannot occur at the same time as the problem behavior *The focus is replacing negative behavior with positive behavior" "Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior (DRO) - CORRECT ANSWER reinforcement of any behavior except the undesired behavior *Provides reinforcement for the absence or omission of a target behavior" "Response Cost - CORRECT ANSWER a procedure in which a specific amount of available reinforcers is contingently withdrawn following a response in an attempt to decrease behavior * often used in token economy programs" "Response Blocking - CORRECT ANSWER The source of reinforcement is blocked or stopped by the therapist in order to eliminate the reinforcing sensory" "Least intrusive interventions are preferable because: A. They offer the person a greater opportunity to self-monitor their own behavior. B. They are not preferable because they take too long to be affective. C. They are the easiest to use. D. they are always appropriate. - CORRECT ANSWER A" "If an intrusive intervention such as punishment or physical intervention must be used, it is important to: A. Make sure staff has clean background checks. B. Make sure that only the bigger staff members implement them. C. Make sure the data and the client are monitored for unintended side effects and the rate of progress. D. Make sure the intervention is used on only the days that the behaviors are really bad. - CORRECT ANSWER C" "The end goal is to generalize imitation skills so students are able to copy the behavior of: A. Peers. B. Teachers. C. Skill trainers/paraprofessionals. D. Parents. E. All of the above - CORRECT ANSWER E" "Another end goal of imitation training is for the learner to continue to imitate behaviors in the absence of: A. Direct instruction and continuous reinforcement. B. A model. C. the SD "Do this". D. Direct reinforcement. - CORRECT ANSWER A" "True or False: Motor Imitation and Verbal Imitation can be taught simultaneously. A. True B. False - CORRECT ANSWER A" "The antecedent of imitation is: A. Reinforcement of imitative behavior. B. The person mimicking the movement of the model. C. The SD "Do this". D. A stimulus involving motor movements by a model. - CORRECT ANSWER D" "In the early phases of a toy or object imitation, it is best to start with: A. Novel materials that the child has not been exposed to. B. Toys that the student has shown interest in. C. objects that evoke problem behavior in the learner. D. Musical instruments because all children with autism enjoy music. - CORRECT ANSWER B" "The SD for both gross motor and toy imitation should be: A. Specific B. Non-specific - CORRECT ANSWER B" "What kind of imitation generally assists in the development of verbal imitation and speech? A. Fine motor B. Gross motor C. Object D. Oral motor - CORRECT ANSWER D" "Pointing, giving thumbs up, squeezing playdough, and pressing buttons are common beginning targets of what kind of imitation? A. toy/object imitation. B. Gross motor imitation. C. Fine motor imitation. D. Oral motor imitation. - CORRECT ANSWER C" "Targets should be chosen based on: A. What the teacher thinks is important. B. The individual skill level of the student, as determined through assessments such as the VB-MAPP. C. General expectations of like-aged learners. D. The most complex skills that are age appropriate. - CORRECT ANSWER B" "True or False: There are no prerequisite skills necessary to begin teaching imitation. A. True B. False - CORRECT ANSWER B" "True or False: If you are working at a table you must be engaged in discrete trial instruction. A. True B. False - CORRECT ANSWER B" "True or False: Teaching sessions should be across a variety of settings, materials, types of responses and verbal operants. A. True B. False - CORRECT ANSWER A" "True or False: One of the basic assumptions of NaTS is that skills should be taught at the table before transitioning into the natural environment. A. True B. False - CORRECT ANSWER B" "True or False: NaTS usually has fewer teaching trails than DTT/ITT A. True B. False - CORRECT ANSWER A" "NaTS came about in what decade and was called incidental Teaching by Hart and Risley? A. 1960s B. 2000s C. 1980s D. 1940s - CORRECT ANSWER A" "Josh's Instructor _________________ the tools with reinforcement so the tools may become conditional reinforcers. A. replaced B. alternated C. Functionally related D. Paired - CORRECT ANSWER D" "True or False: If a learner echoes the word candy and is given a ball, this is demonstrating a functional relation. A. True B. False - CORRECT ANSWER B" "What should you teach with Naturalistic Teaching Strategies? A. Language B. Self-Help skills C. Social Skills D. Play E. All of the above - CORRECT ANSWER E" "True or False: Academic programs are generally the first introduced to individuals with autism. A. True B. False - CORRECT ANSWER B" "What skills can be embedded in play? A. Listener responding B. Tacts C. Echoics D. All of the above - CORRECT ANSWER D" "Generalization refers to the: A. Transfer of behaviors to other persons, settings, and related behaviors. B. Ability to perform a behavior in 2 settings. C. Transfer from requesting (manding) to labeling (tacting) without training. D. Ability to perform a behavior a behavior with 5 different people. - CORRECT ANSWER A" "The United Nations General Assembly provided a standard for: A. The rights of those on U.S. soil. B. The rights of humans without mental health issues. C. The rights of incarcerated humans. D. The rights of all humans. - CORRECT ANSWER D" "Which of the following time frames first offered chemicals as a means of behavior change? A. The 1700s B. The 1970s C. The 1940s and 50s D. The 1930s - CORRECT ANSWER C" "People receiving ABA services have the right to treatments that are: A. Effective, least intrusive, and necessary. B. Adequate, least intrusive, and necessary. C. Effective, intrusive, and necessary. D. Effective, least intrusive, and acceptable. - CORRECT ANSWER A" "Immediacy, in regards to the principles of reinforcer effectiveness means.... A. the more immediate the reinforcer the more effective it becomes. B. That teachers should immediately redirect behavior. - CORRECT ANSWER A" "What does DISC stand for? A. Deprivation, Interval, Size, Contingency B. Deprivation, Immediacy, Satiation, Contingency C. Deprivation, Immediacy, Size Contingency D. Deprivation, Interval, Satiation, Contingency - CORRECT ANSWER C. size not satiation---> satiation=deprivation" "Interviews, rating scale, and surveys are examples of: A. Direct measures B. The most accurate recording methods C. Indirect measures D. All of the above - CORRECT ANSWER C" "Would you be able to use outcome recording for the behavior of drawing? A. Yes B. No - CORRECT ANSWER A. Outcome Recording: An indirect method to measure behavior that consists of observing the result of a behavior, even after the behavior has been terminated." "Could you use outcome recording to record the behavior of a student answering a question? A. Yes B. No - CORRECT ANSWER B. There is no observable result. Just an answer." "The main question you want to ask yourself is, does the behavior produce a _______________ that can be observed even after the behavior has been terminated? A. result B. positive consequence C. clean kitchen D. measurement - CORRECT ANSWER A" "Which is the more objective method of assessing behavior? A. Indirect measurement B. Neutral measurement C. Variable measurement D. Direct measurement - CORRECT ANSWER D" "In direct measurement, you observe the behavior and record it.... A. When it occurs. B. Within 20 minutes of the observation. C. Within 24 hours of the observation. D. Any of the above as long as you directly observed the behavior. - CORRECT ANSWER A" "Which of the following are direct measurement techniques? A. Event recording B. Duration recording C. Interval recording D. All of the above - CORRECT ANSWER D" "What is the most common event recording technique? A. Magnitude B. Force C. Duration D. Frequency - CORRECT ANSWER D" "Would frequency recording be a good measure for sleeping in class? A. Yes B. No - CORRECT ANSWER B" "Would you use frequency to measure the behavior of throwing an object? A. Yes B. No - CORRECT ANSWER A" "There are two general methods to assess behavioral change. They are: A. Frequency and Duration B. Latency and Duration C. Latency and Frequency D. Duration and Latency - CORRECT ANSWER D" "Partial interval recording involves checking off an interval if: A. The behavior occurs at ANY point within the interval. B. The behavior occurs throughout the entire interval - CORRECT ANSWER A" "With partial interval recording, the intervals are an _______________ exaggeration of the behavior. A. under B. over - CORRECT ANSWER B" "Momentary time sample recording is __________ effortful then interval recording and provides data that is __________ representative than interval data. A. more, less B. more, more C. less, more D. less, less - CORRECT ANSWER D" "Which game would be the best to work on initiations? A. Tag/Chase B. Solitaire C. Simon Says D. Twister - CORRECT ANSWER C" "Attending to their name and waiting for the answer to a question are examples of what kind of skill? A. Joint attention B. Greetings C. Social Referencing D. Initiations - CORRECT ANSWER C" "By 18 months of age, children should be exhibiting approximately how many tacts? A. 3 B. 5 C. 10 D. 25 - CORRECT ANSWER C" "Labeling which of the following can be considered a tact? A. Adjectives B. Parts of objects C. Prepositions D. All of the above - CORRECT ANSWER D. tact=label/describe" "When should tacting be targeted? A. When the child is two, as this is when testing develops. B. There is no specific age as it is specific to the individual. C. Once the individual has acquired 5 echos and 5 mands. D. When the individual is engaging in intraverbal language. - CORRECT ANSWER B" "Researchers Kodak and Clements found that having a (n) ____________ training session before tact training was more effective at increasing independent tact responses. A. Echoic B. Interverbal C. Mimetic D. Mand - CORRECT ANSWER A" "Shaping is defined as reinforcement of ___________. A. Successive approximations of the target behavior. B. The absence of maladaptive behaviors. C. The target behavior upon completion of all steps. D. Multiple behavior chains once they meet mastery criteria. - CORRECT ANSWER A" "By the age of ____ months, typically developing children are able to respond to hearing their name, perform at least 4 different motor actions when asked, and receptively identify at least 20 different objects or pictures in an array of 4. A. 12 B. 24 C. 48 D. 18 - CORRECT ANSWER D" "Some tips for teaching receptive instructions include all the following EXCEPT: A. Choose between behaviors that your learner can readily imitate. B. Use errorless teaching. C. Name the action that is to be performed, example: "Clap hands." D. Start with multi-step instructions so they learn to discriminate - CORRECT ANSWER D" “Frequency is: A. The length of time it takes to START a behavior after the instruction is given B. Assigning numbers to different prompt levels C. The number of times the behavior occurs D. The length of time that a behavior occurs - CORRECT ANSWER C" "Whole-Interval Time Sampling A. "Records the antecedent, behavior and consequence of problem behaviors" B. The target behavior is recorded as a (+) if occurs throughout the entire interval C. The length of time a behavior occurs D. The length of time it takes to START a behavior - CORRECT ANSWER B" "Rate A. The behavior is recorded as a (+) if occurs at least once at any point during the interval B. The number of times the behavior occurs C. Assigns numbers to different prompt levels D. The ratio of number of times a behavior occurs per unit of time - CORRECT ANSWER D" "Percent A. Count of Behavior/number of opportunities X 100 B. The ratio of number of times a behavior occurs per unit of time C. The number of times the behavior occurs D. The length of time that a behavior occurs - CORRECT ANSWER A" "Scatterplot A. The length of time a behavior occurs B. The number of times the behavior occurs C. When the target behavior occurs D. The behavior is recorded as a (+) if occurs at least once at any point during the interval - CORRECT ANSWER C" "Duration A. The ratio of number of times a behavior occurs per unit of time B. The length of time it takes to START a behavior after the instruction is given" C. The number of times the behavior occurs D. The length of time a behavior occurs - CORRECT ANSWER D" "Partial Interval Time Sampling A. The behavior is recorded as a (+) if occurs at least once at any point during the interval B. The target behavior is recorded as a (+) if occurs throughout the entire interval C. The time it takes to START a behavior after the instruction is given D. The number of times a behavior occurs - CORRECT ANSWER A" "Scratching a bug bite is an example of negative reinforcement A. True B. False - CORRECT ANSWER B" "Yelling "no talking" to a group of noisy students is an example of negative reinforcement. A. True B. False - CORRECT ANSWER B" "You should not use intermittent reinforcement when teaching a new skill. - CORRECT ANSWER ." "Delivery of reinforcement after every 5 baskets made during a game is an example of what type of schedule of reinforcement? A. FI B. VI C. FR D. VR - CORRECT ANSWER C" "Checking your email throughout the day is maintained by what schedule of reinforcement? A. FI B. VI C. FR D. VR - CORRECT ANSWER B" "Variable schedules of reinforcement produce steady rates of responding - CORRECT ANSWER ." "Providing tokens for the first correct response after 12 minutes is on what schedule of reinforcement? A. FI 12 B. VI 12 C. FR 12 D. VR 12 - CORRECT ANSWER A" "During discrimination training, the RBT provides reinforcement when: A. "The picture of the car is present when the client says "car"" B. "The picture of the bike is present when the client says "car"" C. "The picture of the bike is present when the client says "bike"" D. Both A and C - CORRECT ANSWER D" "You are teaching a client to respond correctly to the instruction "sit down." On your first trial you say "sit down" and the client begins running around the room. What consequence should you provide? A. Give him a high five B. "Say "great job" and move on" C. Say nothing and move on D. "Say "that's bad" and tell his parents?" - CORRECT ANSWER C" "A prompt is a response the client makes before making the correct response to a question. A. TRUE B. FALSE - CORRECT ANSWER B" "Which of the following is NOT a way to prevent prompt dependency? A. Fade prompts as quickly as possible B. Mix new targets and mastered targets C. Ask client if they are ready for the prompt to be faded D. Use the correct prompt type - CORRECT ANSWER C" "task analysis - CORRECT ANSWER a detailed breakdown of the behaviors involved in a particular skill or task, listed in the order of occurrence" "Kathy is teaching her client how to put on a jacket. First, she teaches her client to pick up the jacket. After the client completes this step independently, she teaches him to put one arm through a sleeve. After he is doing that independently, she teaches him to put the second arm through and so on. What chaining procedure is Kathy using? A. Forward Chaining B. Backward Chaining C. Total Task D. None of the Above - CORRECT ANSWER A" "The following chaining procedure is used most often because the client learns the step closest to reinforcement first. A. Forward Chaining B. Backward Chaining C. Total Task D. None of the Above - CORRECT ANSWER B" "A crisis management plan is WARRANTED when: (only select one choice below) A. "There is refusal to perform, being disrespectful" B. "When someone is engaging in disruptive behaviors such as making noises or profanity" C. "A peron's behaviors are dangerous, extreme and posing eminent danger for oneself or others." D. "When alternative interentions are not immediatley feasible, safe or effective" E. C and D - CORRECT ANSWER E" "________baseline data points do not consistently fall within a narrow range of values and do not suggest any clear trend A. stable B. ascending C. Variable D. descending - CORRECT ANSWER C" ""________ is a condition of an experiment in which the intervention has not yet been introduced" A. baseline B. functional behavorial assessment C. stimulus preference assessment D. behavorial assessment - CORRECT ANSWER A" ""________ is a systematic method of assessment for obtaining informaiton about the purposes (Functions) a problem behavior serves for a person; results are used to guide the design of an intervention for decreasing the problem behavior and increasing the appropriate behavior" A. behavioral assessment B. baseline C. functional behavior assessment D. stimulus preference assessment - CORRECT ANSWER C" ""________ involves a variety of methods including direct observations, inteviews, checklists and tests to identify and define targets for behavior change." A. behavioral assessment B. stimulus preference assessment C. baseline D. functional behavorial assessment - CORRECT ANSWER A" "When you start your car, an annoying noise is sounded. The noise turns off when you put your seatbelt on. The next time you get in the car you put your seatbelt on before you start the car, so you do not hear the noise. - CORRECT ANSWER Negative Reinforcement" "Jose hit Lisa because he wanted her to play with him. The teacher reprimands Jose and told him not to hit her again. Jose then asked Lisa to play with him the next day. - CORRECT ANSWER Positive Punishment" "Research regarding treatment intensity - CORRECT ANSWER Comprehensive undertaking that involves the child's entire family and a team of professionals. One-on-one treatment 30-40 hours per week" "Early intensive behavioral intervention research - CORRECT ANSWER ABA (Applied Behavior Analysis) Early intensive intervention helps all ages, but those who start before age 2 were most likely to make dramatic gains." "Jake loves PE. He spits at the teacher during PE class. The teacher sent him to stand in the hall. The next PE class Jake did not spit. - CORRECT ANSWER Negative Punishment" "A type of reinforcement in which the Presentation of the stimulus is contingent upon the response, resulting in an Increase in the future probability of that response. - CORRECT ANSWER Positive Reinforcement" "A type of reinforcement in which Removal of a stimulus is contingent on a response, resulting in an Increase in the future probability of that response. - CORRECT ANSWER Negative Reinforcement" "A type of punishment in which stimulus Presentation is contingent on a response resulting in the Decrease of the future probability of that response. - CORRECT ANSWER Positive Punishment" "A type of punishment in which stimulus Removal is contingent on a response, resulting in the Decrease of the future probability of that response. - CORRECT ANSWER Negative Punishment" "A stimulus that is either delivered or removed that will Increase the likelihood of that response occurring in the future - CORRECT ANSWER Reinforcer" "Mand Training - CORRECT ANSWER (Requesting or Asking) a verbal response that is controlled by an established operation controlled by states of deprivation and aversion, usually specifying its own reinforcer, we use mands to get needs and desires meet" "Tact Training - CORRECT ANSWER Teaching a child to comment on the environment around them. A tact is a verbal operant that is controlled by a nonverbal antecedent and followed by a nonspecific consequence." "target behavior - CORRECT ANSWER the behavior that has been selected for change *It should be defined in a clear, concise, and objective manner" "Escape Extinction - CORRECT ANSWER Planned ignoring of the problem behavior maintained by social negative reinforcement (the ability to escape a situation/demand)" "Attention Extinction - CORRECT ANSWER Planned ignoring of the problem behavior maintained by social positive reinforcement (receiving attention from another person)" "Functional Behavior Assessment (FBA - CORRECT ANSWER a variation on procedures originally developed to ascertain the purpose or reason for behaviors displayed by an individual *Identifies a specific target behavior, the purpose of the behavior, and what factors maintain the behavior that is interfering with the student's educational progress" "Operational Definition - CORRECT ANSWER the behavior as to its topology and its function *An explicit definition that makes it possible for two or more disinterested observers to identify the same behavior when observed" "Automatic Function - CORRECT ANSWER occurs when a person's behavior creates a favorable outcome without the involvement of another person (One of the 4 Functions of Behavior)" "Access to Tangible Extinction - CORRECT ANSWER Planned ignoring of the problem behavior maintained by social positive reinforcement (the ability to gain a desired item)" "Functional Communication Training - CORRECT ANSWER involves teaching the most meaningful vocabulary to children with ASD in the most naturalistic way, teaches the words for the child's most preferred objects in setting where he/she can have that object" "Antecedent Interventions (ABI) - CORRECT ANSWER a collection of practices in which environmental modifications are used to change the conditions in the setting that prompt a learner with ASD to engage in an interfering behavior to decrease the likelihood of problem student behavior making adjustments to the learning environment" "Measurement Procedures - CORRECT ANSWER (ex. Event Recording, Timing, Time Sampling):methods of observation in which a response is recorded (if a complete behavioral episode is observed it is an Event Recording) (a behavior is sampled over a long time scale is Time Sampling)" "Measurement Dimensions - CORRECT ANSWER (ex. Rate, Duration, Percentage): a behavior has at least 6 dimensions: frequency or rate, duration, latency, topography, locus, and force" "What produces a post-reinforcement pause? - CORRECT ANSWER Fixed Interval and Fixed Ratio" "Scatterplot - CORRECT ANSWER When the target behavior occurs" "________ baseline data show no evidence of an upward or downward trend; all of the measures fall within a relatively small range of values - CORRECT ANSWER Stable" ""________ involves a variety of methods including direct observations, interviews, checklists and tests to identify and define targets for behavior change." - CORRECT ANSWER behavioral assessment" Which of the following statements is true? A. Accurate data is sometimes necessary for making sure that behavior change plans are relevant to the person receiving them. B. Accurate data is always necessary for building behavior change plans and measuring progress. C. If most of the data collected is accurate, then it will be enough to make decisions about the behavior. D. If only a small amount of data is collected over time, we still can make conclusions about the success of failure of a treatment plan. - CORRECT ANSWER B" "Under What circumstances is it alright not to take data immediately after a behavior occurs? A. When you don't have a pencil or date collection device handy. B. When it is time to transition to another activity and you might have time later. C. When the demands of the intervention of the behavior of the person precludes taking data immediately. - CORRECT ANSWER C" "To promote generalization you should provide: A. One stimuli at a time per target. B. At least 4 teachers per learner. C. Two stimuli per drill. D. Multiple examples of your stimulus. - CORRECT ANSWER D" "To promote generalization, a learner should interact with: A. Different people B. Different stimuli C. Different environments D. All of the above - CORRECT ANSWER D" "True or False: Naturalistic teaching is easier that DTI as it requires little to no planning. A. True B. False - CORRECT ANSWER B. because it is less structured." "What is a Tact? - CORRECT ANSWER type of expressive language used to identify or describe objects, actions, and characteristics in a learners environment" "All the following are true with regards to behavior EXCEPT: A. Behavior impact the environment. B. Behavior can be observed and measured. C. Behavior is any observable movement of a living thing. D. There are no laws to behavior. - CORRECT ANSWER D" "A Motivating Operation can make a reinforcer.... A. A punisher B. More valuable at a particular moment C. A discriminative stimulus D. More frequently available - CORRECT ANSWER B" "Which of the following situations reflects treatments by competent personnel? A. Myra will receive training on schedules of reinforcement tomorrow. Today she is working with Josh who is on a variable ratio schedule of reinforcement. B. Marisol is working with Tina who has diagnoses of Down syndrome and autism. She has only worked with juvenile offenders. C. Parker has worked with adolescents for years. He is starting work with preschoolers today. His training starts next week. D. Lora is working with 4 year old Ingrid for 4 hours today without direct supervision. She has received 2 hours of training on Ingrid's intervention plan outside of her therapy. She has also spent 2 hours watching her plan being implemented and was shadowed for 2 hours yesterday. - CORRECT ANSWER D" "An Example of a harmful reinforcer is: A. A small amount of time to listen to music after completing a task. B. Being allowed to have as many corn chips as a person would like. C. Being allowed time to read after completing a task. D. A small amount of a favorite candy after finishing a puzzle. - CORRECT ANSWER B" "What does the Professional and Ethical Compliance Code of the BCBA say about the use of scientifically based practices in ABA? A. They should be considered when developing treatment plans. B. They are optional and only apply to certain situations. C. They are a required practice. D. They can only be used under highly controlled circumstances. - CORRECT ANSWER C" "Which schedule of reinforcement produces the highest rate of responding? A. Fixed interval B. Variable interval C. Variable ratio D. Fixed ratio - CORRECT ANSWER C. variable ratio: a response is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses." "Ratio schedules are based on: A. Number of responses B. Passage of time - CORRECT ANSWER A interval=time ratio=number of responses" "Which of the following is the definition of extinction? A. Discontinuation of reinforcement that had previously been delivered and results in a decrease in the behavior. B. Discontinuation of reinforcement that had previously been delivered and results in an increase in the behavior. C. Discontinuation of punishment that had previously been delivered and results in a decrease in the behavior. D. Discontinuation of punishment that had previously been delivered and results in an increase in the behavior. - CORRECT ANSWER A" "What type of behavior does ABA focus on? A. Reflective B. Respondent C. Covert D. Observable - CORRECT ANSWER D" "Fill in the blanks: ABA is the application of _______________ _______________ to change _______________ _________________ behavior to a meaningful degree. A. punitive punishment/exceptionally problematic B. positive reinforcement/ socially significant C. positive reinforcement/ maladaptive problematic D. behavioral laws/ socially significant - CORRECT ANSWER D" "What are the two types of consequence that were studied by Skinner and colleagues? A. Antecedents and responses B. Punishment and reinforcement C. Rats and pigeons D. Autism and pervasive developmental disorder - CORRECT ANSWER B" "What type of reinforcement maintains escape and avoidance behaviors? A. Negative B. Positive - CORRECT ANSWER A. Negative reinforcement means that you are taking something away to promote the desired behavior. escape and avoidance are maintained when you remove the issue (what they are trying to avoid/escape)" "What are the variables of reinforcer effectiveness? A. Deprivation, interval, Satiation, Contingency B. Deprivation, Interval , Size, Contingency C. Deprivation, immediacy, Satiation, Contingency D. Deprivation, Immediacy, Size, Contingency - CORRECT ANSWER D" "When a response no longer produces reinforcement this is called: A. Negative reinforcement B. Extinction burst C. Negative punishment D. Extinction - CORRECT ANSWER D" "An important tool in determining if an intervention is being effective is: A. Interviewing teacher and parents B. Controlling and analyzing data C. Self reports D. Having frequent meetings to discuss progress. - CORRECT ANSWER B" "A good behavioral definition would be all of the following EXCEPT: A. Objective and unambiguous B. Use a label for a behavior, such as bad sportsmanlike behavior or good hand writing. C. Worded in such a way when a novice observer reads the definition, he would be able to identify an instance of the target behavior without having seen it before. D. It would include verbs describing specific behaviors that the person exhibits. - CORRECT ANSWER B" "There are two general methods to assess behavioral change. They are: A. Antecedents and consequences B. Self-reports and interviews C. Indirect and direct measurements D. Interviews and questionnaires - CORRECT ANSWER C" "The most common and effective way to analyze data across time is by using a: A. Team meeting B. Graph C. Duration table D. Video - CORRECT ANSWER B" "Jeri is a typically developing baby girl. She exhibits strong joint attention skills. She is most likely how old? A. 3 months old B. 5 months old C. 8 months old D. 12 months old - CORRECT ANSWER D" "Which of the following is not an Assessment that can be used for social skills? A. VB-MAPP B. ABLLS-R C. The Social Skills Checklist D. All of the above CAN be used - CORRECT ANSWER D" "Which game could help condition attention as a reinforcer? A. Hide-and-seek B. Monopoly C. Video Games D. Solitaire - CORRECT ANSWER A" "When working on greetings it is important to: A. Make sure the child can vocalize "hi" clearly. B. Pair the greeter with reinforcement. C. Provide physical prompts so the child stands near the greeter. D. Always pair a physical "wave" with vocal "hello". - CORRECT ANSWER B" "Sara is working on social referencing. Her teacher says "Sara", while holding her favorite book. What would be the goal after many repetitions? A. Eventually the teacher should fade out the book and just say "Sara." B. The teacher should trade out the reinforcer so eventually she has five items paired with her name. C. The teacher should only be shaking the candy and drop the "Sara." D. The teacher should fade out the book and the "Sara," so only her eye contact evokes a response. - CORRECT ANSWER A" "True or False: It is "joint attention" if the student get the teacher's attention merely to receive an item. A. True B. False - CORRECT ANSWER B" "True or False: Some elements of social motivation can be measured. A. True B. False - CORRECT ANSWER A" "The term "tact" comes from the word.... A. Contact B. Tactual C. Syntact D. Tactful - CORRECT ANSWER A" "Children typically begin to tact around what age? A. 6 months B. 12 months C. 18 months D. 24 months - CORRECT ANSWER B" "Differential reinforcement involves at least how many behaviors? A. As many as needed B. One C. Three D. Two - CORRECT ANSWER D" "All of the following are prerequisites for imitation training EXCEPT...... A. Having expressive communication skills. B. Being able to scan and track. C. Staying seated. D. Keeping hands off of the materials. - CORRECT ANSWER A" "All the following ways to reduce prompt dependence EXCEPT..... A. Stimulus fading B. Stimulus delay C. Time delay D. Prompt fading - CORRECT ANSWER B" "Types of differential reinforcement - CORRECT ANSWER Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible behavior (DRI) Differential Reinforcement of Alternative behavior (DRA) Differential Reinforcement of Other behavior (DRO) Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates (DRL) (OALI)" "Task analysis is...... A. Breaking down complex skills into smaller teachable units, the product of which are a series of sequentially ordered steps or tasks. B. Gradually modifying the existing behavior into the desired behavior by reinforcing successive approximations. C. A functional assessment, skills assessment, sequential analysis, and an ecological assessment written for a given task. D. A list of prompt hierarchies to assist in the development of various target behaviors or tasks. - CORRECT ANSWER A" "Discrimination training is done using the following steps: A. Mixed trials- Isolation- Distractor Trials B. Isolation- Distractor Trails- Mixed Trails C. Distractor trials- Mixed Trials- Isolation - CORRECT ANSWER B DT is when you want a behavior in presence of specific stimulus." "Discrimination training requires.... A. Two responses and one antecedent stimulus condition. B. Two responses and two antecedent stimulus conditions. C. One response and one antecedent stimulus condition. D. One response and two antecedent stimulus conditions. - CORRECT ANSWER D They need to be able choose the correct one."