Anatomy Final Exam Study Guide
(CBIO2200 UGA) correctly answered to
pass
What are the 3 components of a negative feedback loop? - correct answer ✔✔-
sensor/receptor
-control center
-effector
Give an example of a negative feedback loop. - correct answer ✔✔Temperature
change/returning body to homeostasis (anything that results in body returning to
homeostasis)
Give an example of a positive feedback loop. - correct answer ✔✔Childbirth/labor
(anything that results in body moving further away from homeostasis/normal
state)
Describe the difference between positive and negative feedback loops: - correct
answer ✔✔Negative feedback loop results in body returning to homeostasis;
Positive feedback loop results in boy moving further away from
homeostasis/normal state.
Describe the structural differences between an atom, ion and isotope, in respect
to subatomic particles: - correct answer ✔✔-Atoms have equal protons/electrons,
in addition to a set number of neutrons.
,-Isotopes are variations of atoms that contain different numbers of neutrons and
thus have a different atomic mass.
-Ions are positively or negatively charged atoms that are a result of ionic bonds
and the exchange of valence electrons.
If an element contains 6 valence electrons, is it more likely to become a cation or
anion? - correct answer ✔✔Anion
True or False- A Cation is negatively charged. - correct answer ✔✔False- Cations
are positively charged ions and anions are negatively charged ions.
Describe ionic bonds: - correct answer ✔✔An ongoing, close association between
atoms that generates ions of different charges (atoms will accept or donate
electrons to have a full outer circle of valence electrons, resulting in cations and
anions)
Describe the difference between non-polar and polar covalent bonds: - correct
answer ✔✔-Non-polar covalent bonds share electrons in the outermost valence
shell to fill the valence shells of both atoms, ultimately stabilizing both of the
atoms involved.
-Polar covalent bonds share valence electrons as well, however they share them
unequally, resulting in a molecule that has opposite charges on opposite sides and
is weakly positive at one end and weakly negative at the other.
What is a hydrogen bond and when does it occur/form? - correct answer ✔✔A
hydrogen bond is formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded
, to one electronegative atom (for example, the oxygen in the water molecule) is
attracted to another electronegative atom from another molecule. In other words,
hydrogen bonds always include hydrogen that is already part of a polar molecule.
Define acid in terms of chemical reactions: - correct answer ✔✔An acid is a
substance that releases hydrogen ions; Nearly every molecule of a strong acid
dissociates, producing a high concentration of H+. (increases H+)
Define Buffer in terms of chemical reactions: - correct answer ✔✔A buffer is a
solution of a weak acid and its conjugate base. A buffer can neutralize small
amounts of acids or bases in body fluids.
Define Base in terms of chemical reactions: - correct answer ✔✔A base is a
substance that releases hydroxyl ions (OH-) in solution, or one that accepts H+
already present in solution. (Decreases H+, increases OH-)
What is the role of a buffer in homeostasis? - correct answer ✔✔Acidosis or
alkalosis results when the blood is too acidic or too basic and a buffer may be
needed to absorb the excess acid or alkaline.
Describe the structure and function of carbohydrates: - correct answer ✔✔S: A
carbohydrate is a molecule composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; in most
carbohydrates, hydrogen and oxygen are found in the same two-to-one relative
proportions they have in water. In fact, the chemical formula for a "generic"
molecule of carbohydrate is (CH2O)n.
F:Carbohydrates = sugars (monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides)
and are used for energy (glycolysis-atp synthesis)
(CBIO2200 UGA) correctly answered to
pass
What are the 3 components of a negative feedback loop? - correct answer ✔✔-
sensor/receptor
-control center
-effector
Give an example of a negative feedback loop. - correct answer ✔✔Temperature
change/returning body to homeostasis (anything that results in body returning to
homeostasis)
Give an example of a positive feedback loop. - correct answer ✔✔Childbirth/labor
(anything that results in body moving further away from homeostasis/normal
state)
Describe the difference between positive and negative feedback loops: - correct
answer ✔✔Negative feedback loop results in body returning to homeostasis;
Positive feedback loop results in boy moving further away from
homeostasis/normal state.
Describe the structural differences between an atom, ion and isotope, in respect
to subatomic particles: - correct answer ✔✔-Atoms have equal protons/electrons,
in addition to a set number of neutrons.
,-Isotopes are variations of atoms that contain different numbers of neutrons and
thus have a different atomic mass.
-Ions are positively or negatively charged atoms that are a result of ionic bonds
and the exchange of valence electrons.
If an element contains 6 valence electrons, is it more likely to become a cation or
anion? - correct answer ✔✔Anion
True or False- A Cation is negatively charged. - correct answer ✔✔False- Cations
are positively charged ions and anions are negatively charged ions.
Describe ionic bonds: - correct answer ✔✔An ongoing, close association between
atoms that generates ions of different charges (atoms will accept or donate
electrons to have a full outer circle of valence electrons, resulting in cations and
anions)
Describe the difference between non-polar and polar covalent bonds: - correct
answer ✔✔-Non-polar covalent bonds share electrons in the outermost valence
shell to fill the valence shells of both atoms, ultimately stabilizing both of the
atoms involved.
-Polar covalent bonds share valence electrons as well, however they share them
unequally, resulting in a molecule that has opposite charges on opposite sides and
is weakly positive at one end and weakly negative at the other.
What is a hydrogen bond and when does it occur/form? - correct answer ✔✔A
hydrogen bond is formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded
, to one electronegative atom (for example, the oxygen in the water molecule) is
attracted to another electronegative atom from another molecule. In other words,
hydrogen bonds always include hydrogen that is already part of a polar molecule.
Define acid in terms of chemical reactions: - correct answer ✔✔An acid is a
substance that releases hydrogen ions; Nearly every molecule of a strong acid
dissociates, producing a high concentration of H+. (increases H+)
Define Buffer in terms of chemical reactions: - correct answer ✔✔A buffer is a
solution of a weak acid and its conjugate base. A buffer can neutralize small
amounts of acids or bases in body fluids.
Define Base in terms of chemical reactions: - correct answer ✔✔A base is a
substance that releases hydroxyl ions (OH-) in solution, or one that accepts H+
already present in solution. (Decreases H+, increases OH-)
What is the role of a buffer in homeostasis? - correct answer ✔✔Acidosis or
alkalosis results when the blood is too acidic or too basic and a buffer may be
needed to absorb the excess acid or alkaline.
Describe the structure and function of carbohydrates: - correct answer ✔✔S: A
carbohydrate is a molecule composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; in most
carbohydrates, hydrogen and oxygen are found in the same two-to-one relative
proportions they have in water. In fact, the chemical formula for a "generic"
molecule of carbohydrate is (CH2O)n.
F:Carbohydrates = sugars (monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides)
and are used for energy (glycolysis-atp synthesis)
