ENL4801 ASSIGNMENT 1 SEMESTER 1 2025 (149123) – DUE 2 MAY 2025.
QUESTIONS WITH 100% VERIFIED AND CERTIFIED ANSWERS. WRITTEN IN
REQUIRED FORMAT AND WITHIN GIVEN GUIDELINES. IT IS GOOD TO USE AS A
GUIDE AND FOR REFERENCE, NEVER PLAGARIZE. Thank you and success in
your academics.
PREPARED BY DR. FRED ().
UNISA, 2025.
1. Task 1: Provide a brief background (in your own words) of some of the most
important historical events that contributed to the development of CBNRM as a
new conservation management paradigm. (750 words.) [20]
2. Task 2: Identify five key concepts of CBNRM (or INRM) and define them in your
own words. [10] (500 words.)
Contents
Task 1: Historical Events Contributing to the Development of Community-Based Natural
Resource Management (CBNRM) ................................................................................................2
Introduction ....................................................................................................................................2
Colonial Conservation and Its Exclusionary Legacy.............................................................2
Post-Independence Reforms and the Shift Toward Decentralization .................................3
The Rise of Participatory Development and Indigenous Rights Movements .....................4
Global Environmental Agreements and Institutionalization of CBNRM ..............................5
Conclusion......................................................................................................................................5
Task 2: Five Key Concepts of Community-Based Natural Resource Management
(CBNRM) .........................................................................................................................................7
1. Community Participation and Empowerment .................................................................7
2. Devolution of Resource Rights.............................................................................................7
3. Sustainable Livelihoods Approach ..................................................................................7
4. Institutional Pluralism ........................................................................................................8
5. Adaptive Co-Management .................................................................................................8
References .................................................................................................................................... 10
, Task 1: Historical Events Contributing to the Development of Community-Based
Natural Resource Management (CBNRM)
Introduction
Community-Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) has emerged as a
transformative approach to conservation, challenging traditional top-down models that
often marginalized local populations. This paradigm shift was not spontaneous but
evolved through a series of significant historical developments spanning colonial and
post-colonial periods, global environmental movements, and indigenous rights
advocacy. The transition from exclusionary conservation policies to participatory
resource management reflects broader socio-political changes and a growing
recognition of the interdependence between ecological sustainability and human well-
being. This essay provides an in-depth examination of the key historical events that
shaped CBNRM, analyzing how colonial legacies, post-independence reforms,
participatory development theories, and international environmental agreements
collectively contributed to its establishment as a viable conservation strategy.
Colonial Conservation and Its Exclusionary Legacy
The foundations of modern conservation were largely established during the colonial
era, characterized by centralized control over natural resources and the systematic
displacement of indigenous communities. European colonial powers in Africa, Asia, and
Latin America implemented "fortress conservation" models, creating national parks and
game reserves that restricted local access to land and wildlife (Adams & Hulme, 2001).
This approach was rooted in the Western notion of "wilderness" as an uninhabited
space to be protected from human interference, disregarding centuries-old indigenous
stewardship practices (Brockington, 2002).
For instance, the establishment of Yellowstone National Park in 1872 and subsequent
protected areas across British and French colonies followed this exclusionary model,
QUESTIONS WITH 100% VERIFIED AND CERTIFIED ANSWERS. WRITTEN IN
REQUIRED FORMAT AND WITHIN GIVEN GUIDELINES. IT IS GOOD TO USE AS A
GUIDE AND FOR REFERENCE, NEVER PLAGARIZE. Thank you and success in
your academics.
PREPARED BY DR. FRED ().
UNISA, 2025.
1. Task 1: Provide a brief background (in your own words) of some of the most
important historical events that contributed to the development of CBNRM as a
new conservation management paradigm. (750 words.) [20]
2. Task 2: Identify five key concepts of CBNRM (or INRM) and define them in your
own words. [10] (500 words.)
Contents
Task 1: Historical Events Contributing to the Development of Community-Based Natural
Resource Management (CBNRM) ................................................................................................2
Introduction ....................................................................................................................................2
Colonial Conservation and Its Exclusionary Legacy.............................................................2
Post-Independence Reforms and the Shift Toward Decentralization .................................3
The Rise of Participatory Development and Indigenous Rights Movements .....................4
Global Environmental Agreements and Institutionalization of CBNRM ..............................5
Conclusion......................................................................................................................................5
Task 2: Five Key Concepts of Community-Based Natural Resource Management
(CBNRM) .........................................................................................................................................7
1. Community Participation and Empowerment .................................................................7
2. Devolution of Resource Rights.............................................................................................7
3. Sustainable Livelihoods Approach ..................................................................................7
4. Institutional Pluralism ........................................................................................................8
5. Adaptive Co-Management .................................................................................................8
References .................................................................................................................................... 10
, Task 1: Historical Events Contributing to the Development of Community-Based
Natural Resource Management (CBNRM)
Introduction
Community-Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) has emerged as a
transformative approach to conservation, challenging traditional top-down models that
often marginalized local populations. This paradigm shift was not spontaneous but
evolved through a series of significant historical developments spanning colonial and
post-colonial periods, global environmental movements, and indigenous rights
advocacy. The transition from exclusionary conservation policies to participatory
resource management reflects broader socio-political changes and a growing
recognition of the interdependence between ecological sustainability and human well-
being. This essay provides an in-depth examination of the key historical events that
shaped CBNRM, analyzing how colonial legacies, post-independence reforms,
participatory development theories, and international environmental agreements
collectively contributed to its establishment as a viable conservation strategy.
Colonial Conservation and Its Exclusionary Legacy
The foundations of modern conservation were largely established during the colonial
era, characterized by centralized control over natural resources and the systematic
displacement of indigenous communities. European colonial powers in Africa, Asia, and
Latin America implemented "fortress conservation" models, creating national parks and
game reserves that restricted local access to land and wildlife (Adams & Hulme, 2001).
This approach was rooted in the Western notion of "wilderness" as an uninhabited
space to be protected from human interference, disregarding centuries-old indigenous
stewardship practices (Brockington, 2002).
For instance, the establishment of Yellowstone National Park in 1872 and subsequent
protected areas across British and French colonies followed this exclusionary model,
