ATI Capstone 2024 A & B/ ATI Comprehensive 2024 A & B Latest
Medications Affecting Urinary output: Indentyfing interactions with Spironolactone - ANSa. Spironolactone (Lasix)- interacts with
ACE, ARB's, and direct renin inhibitors increases the risk of hyperkalemia.
b. Concurrent use of potassium supplements, salt substitutes, and another potassium sparing diuretic increases the risk of
hyperkalemia.
Medications for Depressive Disorders: Reporting Manifestations of Serotonin Syndrome - ANSCan begin 2 to 72 hr after the start of
treatment, and it can be lethal.
MANIFESTATIONS
i. Mental confusion, difficulty concentrating, Abdominal pain , Diarrhea Agitation, Fever, Anxiety, Hallucinations, Hyperreflexia,
incoordination, Diaphoresis, Tremors
ii. CLIENT EDUCATION: Advise the client to observe for manifestations. If any occur, instruct the client to withhold the medication
and notify the provider
Mobility and Immobility: Applying Antiembolic Stockings - ANSa. Perform hand hygiene.
b. Assess skin, circulation, and presence of edema in the legs.
c. Measure the calf and/or thigh circumference and the length of the leg to select the correct size stocking.
d. Turn the stockings inside to the heel.
e. Put the stocking on the foot. Pull the remainder of the stocking over the heel and up the leg. Smooth any creases or wrinkles.
f. Remove the stockings every 8 hr to assess for redness, warmth, or tenderness.
g. Make sure the stockings are not too tight over the toes. Keep the stockings clean and dry. Clients who are postoperative or have
specific needs can need a second pair of hose.
h. Document the application and removal of the stockings
Modified Diets: Selecting Foods for a client who has Dysphagia - ANSa. Level 1: Pureed. Foods are totally pureed to a smooth
consistency with a pudding-like texture (pureed fruits, vegetables, meats, soups, scrambled eggs, pudding, custard, applesauce).
b. Level 2: Mechanically altered. Soft-textured, moist, semi-solid foods that are easily chewed and swallowed (ground meat served
with gravy, chicken or tuna salad, well-moistened pancakes with syrup, poached eggs, soft canned or cooked fruit).
v. Level 3: Advanced. Near-normal textured foods that are moist (moist tender meats or casseroles, breads that are not crusty,
moist potatoes, soups, rice and stuffing). Hard, sticky foods are eliminated.
neologisms - ANSMade-up words that make no sense "I tranged and flittled."
Newborn Nutrition: Evaluating Understanding of Formula Preparation - ANSA. Handwashing first, newborn should be fed every 3 to
4 hr, Bottles and accessories can be put in the dishwasher, boiled, or washed by hand in hot soapy water using a good bottle and
nipple brush, Teach parents to wash the lid of a can of concentrated formula with hot soapy water, and shake before opening it, Use
tap water and boil it, prepared formula can be refrigerated for up to 48 hr, cradle the newborn in their arms in a semi-upright
position. The newborn should bottle feed at a 45˚ angle, Keep the nipple filled with formula to prevent the swallowing air. NEVER
PROP BOTTLE, burp several times during a feeding, Place the newborn on his back after feedings, discard any unused formula
remaining in the bottle, adequately fed (gaining weight; bowel movements are yellow, soft and formed; and satisfaction between
feedings), 3 or more bowel movements a day; formula-fed infants less
frequent. Breastfed and formula-fed infants usually have 6 or more wet diapers a day.
Nursing Care and Discharge Teaching: Umbilical Cord Care - ANSNI: Cord clamp stays in place for 24 to 48 hr, cleaning the cord
with water (using cleanser sparingly if needed to remove debris) during the initial bath of the newborn, assess stump and base of
cord for erythema, edema, and drainage with each diaper change, diaper folded down and away from the umbilical stump, NO
submerging in water until cord falls off in 10-14 days.
Nursing Care and Discharge Teaching: Vehicle Safety - ANS● approved rear-facing in back preferably
● in the middle, until age 2 or reaches maximum height and weight for the seat,
● do not use hand me downs
Nutrition Assessment/ Data Collection: Laboratory Results to - ANSalbumin-
expected ref range-3.5 to 5
moderate depletion- 2.4 to 2.9
prealbumin-
expected ref range- 15 to 36
moderate depletion- less than 10.7
Postoperative Nursing Care: Manifestations of Paralytic Ileus - ANSa. Monitor bowel sounds in all four quadrants as well as ability to
pass flatus.
b. abdominal distention
Postpartum Disorders: Interventions for a client who has DVT - ANSa. Encourage rest.
,ATI Capstone 2024 A & B/ ATI Comprehensive 2024 A & B Latest
b. Facilitate bed rest and elevation of the client's extremity above the level of her heart. (Avoid using a knee hatch or pillow under
knees.)
c. Administer intermittent or continuous warm moist compresses.
d. Do NOT massage the affected limb to prevent thrombus from dislodging and becoming an embolus.
e. Measure the client's leg circumferences
f. Provide thigh-high antiembolism stockings for the client at high risk for venous insufficiency.
g. Administer analgesics (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents).
h. Administer anticoagulants for DVT.
Prenatal Care: Managing Heartburn in the second trimester - ANSa. The client should eat small, frequent meals
b. not allow the stomach to get too empty or too full
c. sit up for 30 min after meals
d. and check with her provider prior to using any over-the-counter antacids
Pressure Ulcers, Wounds, and Wound Management: Assessing Laboratory Values Contributing to Delayed Wound Healing -
ANSNote if serum albumin levels are low (below 3.5 g/dL), because a lack of protein increases the risk for a delay in wound healing
and infection.
Psychotic Disorders: Identifying Speech Alterations - ANSalogia
flight of ideas
neologisms
echolalia
clang association
word salad
Renal Diagnostic Procedures: Medication to Withhold Prior Excretory Urography - ANSWithhold metformin for 24 hr before the
procedure (risk for lactic acidosis from contrast dye with iodine)
Respiratory Management and Mechanical Ventilation: Responding to a High-Pressure ventilation Alarm - ANSPressure (high
pressure) alarms indicate excess secretions, client biting the tubing, kinks in the tubing, client coughing, pulmonary edema,
bronchospasm, or pneumothorax.
Safe Medication Administration and Error Reduction: Use of Acceptable Identifiers - ANSa. Acceptable identifiers include the client's
name, an assigned identification number, telephone number, birth date, or other person-specific identifier, such as a photo
identification card. Nurses also use bar-code scanners to identify clients
Sensory Perception: Evaluating Understanding of Hearing Aid Care - ANSa. Use the lowest setting that allows hearing
b. Clean the ear mold, use mild soap and water while
c. Keep it dry.
d. When the hearing aid is not in use, turn it off or remove the batteries to conserve battery power.
e. Keep replacement batteries on hand.
Stress Management: Teaching Progressive muscle relaxation - ANSa. Progressive muscle relaxation (complete relaxation within a
few minute)
b. First, you systematically tense particular muscle groups in your body, suchas your neck and shoulders. Next, you release the
tension and notice how your muscles feel when you relax them
Substance Use and Additive Disorders: Reversing an Opioid Overdose - ANSnarcan
Substance Use disorders: Actions for Alcohol Toxicity - ANSa. Alcohol toxicity can start 4-12 hrs after last drink and last up to 5-7
days
b. Give benzo (-pams, chlordiazepoxide) + carbamazepine + clonidine + B. blocker (-olol)
c. NI: seizure precaution, resp. depression, check v.s.
Substance Use Disorders: Adverse Effects of Disulfiram - ANSNausea, vomiting, weakness, sweating, palpitations,
tachycardia, flushing, and hypotension
Urinary Elimination: Strategies for Promoting Urination - ANSa. Urinal for men
b. Toilet, bedpan, or commode
c. Fracture pan: For clients who must remain supine and clients in body or leg casts
d. Regular pan: For clients
who can sit up PROCEDURE NURSING CONSIDERATIONS ● Have clients sit when possible. ● Provide for privacy needs with
adequate time for urinating
word salad - ANSWords jumbled together "Hip hooray, the flip is cast and
, ATI Capstone 2024 A & B/ ATI Comprehensive 2024 A & B Latest
wide-sprinting in the forest."4 steps of Critical Thinking - ans1. identify and analyze the problem; 2. recall info you need to resolve
the problem; 3. evaluate each option; 4. select the correct or priority option
5-HT3 receptor antagonists (serotonin antagonists) - ansDolasetron (Anzemet)
Granisetron (Kytril, Sancuso)
Ondansetron (Zofran)
Tropisetron (Navoban)
It's 'Tron' to the rescue!
a 45-year-old client is taking methylprednisolone. What pharmacological action should the nurse expect with this therapy? -
anscorticosteroids, such as methylprednisolone, will suppress airway mucus production; therapy should promote responsiveness of
beta2 receptors. Adverse effects of this medication include bone loss and formation of candidiasis
a 52-year-old client with a Hx of angina has been prescribed transdermal nitroglycerin. Which of the following adverse effects is not
seen with this therapy? - ansproductive cough; nitroglycerin therapy does not directly have an effect lung function. Physiologically,
vasodilation should effect capillary perfusion and decrease lung secretions.
a client has been prescribed lisinopril. What medication interaction should the nurse instruct this client about? - ansPotassium
supplements and potassium-sparing diuretics increase the risk of hyperkalemia in clients taking ACE inhibitors such as lisinopril.
Clients should only take potassium supplements if prescribed by the provider. Clients should also avoid salt substitutes that contain
potassium.
a client is prescribed propranolol. What client history findings would require the nurse to clarify this prescription? - ansasthma;
clients with asthma should avoid Beta2 Blockade agents such as propranolol. Bronchoconstriction can occur. Clients with asthma
should be administered a beta1selective agent.
A client is taking disulfiram daily for abstinence maintenance. What is an adverse effect of disulfiram? - anshepatotoxicity
a nurse is caring for a client with prescribed digoxin. What should alert the nurse to possible digitalis toxicity? - ansAnorexia, fatigue
and weakness are signs of potential digitalis toxicity. GI effects of digitalis toxicity include anorexia, nausea, vomiting and abdominal
pain. CNS effects include fatigue, weakness, vision changes (diplopia, blurred vision, yellow-green or white halos around objects).
Bradycardia is also commonly noted in digitalis toxicity.
a nurse is preparing to administer 10 units of regular insulin and 20 units of NPH insulin to a client. What is the correct order the
nurse should follow? - ansinspect the vials for contaminants, roll NPH vial between palms of hands, inject air into NPH insulin vial,
inject air onto regular Insulin vial, withdraw short-acting insulin into syringe
add intermediate insulin to syringe; when the prescription requires the administration of two types of insulin, it is preferable to mix
the solutions into one syringe if they are compatible to prevent the client from receiving two injections. The mixture is stable for 28
days.
a nurse is preparing to administer bisacodyl suppository to a client. What actions should the nurse take? - ansDon clean gloves,
lubricate index finger with sterile water-soluble lubricating jelly, position the client on the left lateral side, gently retract the buttocks
with the nondominant hand, insert the suppository gently through the anus, past the internal sphincter, and against the rectal wall.
Following the administration of the medication, the nurse should apply gentle pressure to hold the buttocks together momentarily if
needed to keep medication in place.
activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) - ans20-36; to maintain a therapeutic level of anticoagulation while on heparin, the
aPTT should be 1.5 to 2 times the normal value (60 to 80 seconds).
adolescents's risks for injury can stem from - ansincreased desire to make independent decisions and relying on peers for guidance
rather than family
AFTER THE CLOT HAS LEFT THE BUILDING (Thrombolytics) - ansAdminister beta blockers to decrease myocardial oxygen
consumption and reduce the incidence and severity of reperfusion arrhythmias.
Analysis/data collection requires nurses to look at the data and: - ansrecognize patterns or trends; compare the data with expected
standards or reference ranges, and arrive to conclusions to guide nursing care
Antianemics - ansInstruct clients to take iron on an empty stomach such as 1 hr before meals to maximize absorption. Stomach acid
increases absorption. Instruct clients to space doses at approximately equal intervals throughout day to most efficiently increase red
blood cell production. Instruct clients to increase water and fiber intake (unless contraindicated), and to maintain an exercise
program to counter the constipation effects. Encourage concurrent intake of appropriate quantities of foods high in iron (liver, egg
yolks, muscle meats, yeast).
Anticoagulant common meds - ansheparin, coumadin
Anticoagulants - ansAnticoagulants prevent the formation of blood clots by interfering with the clotting cascade, thereby preventing
coagulation. The use of this class of medications is contraindicated with active bleeding, such as with bleeding disorders, ulcers, or
hemorrhagic brain injuries.
Medications Affecting Urinary output: Indentyfing interactions with Spironolactone - ANSa. Spironolactone (Lasix)- interacts with
ACE, ARB's, and direct renin inhibitors increases the risk of hyperkalemia.
b. Concurrent use of potassium supplements, salt substitutes, and another potassium sparing diuretic increases the risk of
hyperkalemia.
Medications for Depressive Disorders: Reporting Manifestations of Serotonin Syndrome - ANSCan begin 2 to 72 hr after the start of
treatment, and it can be lethal.
MANIFESTATIONS
i. Mental confusion, difficulty concentrating, Abdominal pain , Diarrhea Agitation, Fever, Anxiety, Hallucinations, Hyperreflexia,
incoordination, Diaphoresis, Tremors
ii. CLIENT EDUCATION: Advise the client to observe for manifestations. If any occur, instruct the client to withhold the medication
and notify the provider
Mobility and Immobility: Applying Antiembolic Stockings - ANSa. Perform hand hygiene.
b. Assess skin, circulation, and presence of edema in the legs.
c. Measure the calf and/or thigh circumference and the length of the leg to select the correct size stocking.
d. Turn the stockings inside to the heel.
e. Put the stocking on the foot. Pull the remainder of the stocking over the heel and up the leg. Smooth any creases or wrinkles.
f. Remove the stockings every 8 hr to assess for redness, warmth, or tenderness.
g. Make sure the stockings are not too tight over the toes. Keep the stockings clean and dry. Clients who are postoperative or have
specific needs can need a second pair of hose.
h. Document the application and removal of the stockings
Modified Diets: Selecting Foods for a client who has Dysphagia - ANSa. Level 1: Pureed. Foods are totally pureed to a smooth
consistency with a pudding-like texture (pureed fruits, vegetables, meats, soups, scrambled eggs, pudding, custard, applesauce).
b. Level 2: Mechanically altered. Soft-textured, moist, semi-solid foods that are easily chewed and swallowed (ground meat served
with gravy, chicken or tuna salad, well-moistened pancakes with syrup, poached eggs, soft canned or cooked fruit).
v. Level 3: Advanced. Near-normal textured foods that are moist (moist tender meats or casseroles, breads that are not crusty,
moist potatoes, soups, rice and stuffing). Hard, sticky foods are eliminated.
neologisms - ANSMade-up words that make no sense "I tranged and flittled."
Newborn Nutrition: Evaluating Understanding of Formula Preparation - ANSA. Handwashing first, newborn should be fed every 3 to
4 hr, Bottles and accessories can be put in the dishwasher, boiled, or washed by hand in hot soapy water using a good bottle and
nipple brush, Teach parents to wash the lid of a can of concentrated formula with hot soapy water, and shake before opening it, Use
tap water and boil it, prepared formula can be refrigerated for up to 48 hr, cradle the newborn in their arms in a semi-upright
position. The newborn should bottle feed at a 45˚ angle, Keep the nipple filled with formula to prevent the swallowing air. NEVER
PROP BOTTLE, burp several times during a feeding, Place the newborn on his back after feedings, discard any unused formula
remaining in the bottle, adequately fed (gaining weight; bowel movements are yellow, soft and formed; and satisfaction between
feedings), 3 or more bowel movements a day; formula-fed infants less
frequent. Breastfed and formula-fed infants usually have 6 or more wet diapers a day.
Nursing Care and Discharge Teaching: Umbilical Cord Care - ANSNI: Cord clamp stays in place for 24 to 48 hr, cleaning the cord
with water (using cleanser sparingly if needed to remove debris) during the initial bath of the newborn, assess stump and base of
cord for erythema, edema, and drainage with each diaper change, diaper folded down and away from the umbilical stump, NO
submerging in water until cord falls off in 10-14 days.
Nursing Care and Discharge Teaching: Vehicle Safety - ANS● approved rear-facing in back preferably
● in the middle, until age 2 or reaches maximum height and weight for the seat,
● do not use hand me downs
Nutrition Assessment/ Data Collection: Laboratory Results to - ANSalbumin-
expected ref range-3.5 to 5
moderate depletion- 2.4 to 2.9
prealbumin-
expected ref range- 15 to 36
moderate depletion- less than 10.7
Postoperative Nursing Care: Manifestations of Paralytic Ileus - ANSa. Monitor bowel sounds in all four quadrants as well as ability to
pass flatus.
b. abdominal distention
Postpartum Disorders: Interventions for a client who has DVT - ANSa. Encourage rest.
,ATI Capstone 2024 A & B/ ATI Comprehensive 2024 A & B Latest
b. Facilitate bed rest and elevation of the client's extremity above the level of her heart. (Avoid using a knee hatch or pillow under
knees.)
c. Administer intermittent or continuous warm moist compresses.
d. Do NOT massage the affected limb to prevent thrombus from dislodging and becoming an embolus.
e. Measure the client's leg circumferences
f. Provide thigh-high antiembolism stockings for the client at high risk for venous insufficiency.
g. Administer analgesics (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents).
h. Administer anticoagulants for DVT.
Prenatal Care: Managing Heartburn in the second trimester - ANSa. The client should eat small, frequent meals
b. not allow the stomach to get too empty or too full
c. sit up for 30 min after meals
d. and check with her provider prior to using any over-the-counter antacids
Pressure Ulcers, Wounds, and Wound Management: Assessing Laboratory Values Contributing to Delayed Wound Healing -
ANSNote if serum albumin levels are low (below 3.5 g/dL), because a lack of protein increases the risk for a delay in wound healing
and infection.
Psychotic Disorders: Identifying Speech Alterations - ANSalogia
flight of ideas
neologisms
echolalia
clang association
word salad
Renal Diagnostic Procedures: Medication to Withhold Prior Excretory Urography - ANSWithhold metformin for 24 hr before the
procedure (risk for lactic acidosis from contrast dye with iodine)
Respiratory Management and Mechanical Ventilation: Responding to a High-Pressure ventilation Alarm - ANSPressure (high
pressure) alarms indicate excess secretions, client biting the tubing, kinks in the tubing, client coughing, pulmonary edema,
bronchospasm, or pneumothorax.
Safe Medication Administration and Error Reduction: Use of Acceptable Identifiers - ANSa. Acceptable identifiers include the client's
name, an assigned identification number, telephone number, birth date, or other person-specific identifier, such as a photo
identification card. Nurses also use bar-code scanners to identify clients
Sensory Perception: Evaluating Understanding of Hearing Aid Care - ANSa. Use the lowest setting that allows hearing
b. Clean the ear mold, use mild soap and water while
c. Keep it dry.
d. When the hearing aid is not in use, turn it off or remove the batteries to conserve battery power.
e. Keep replacement batteries on hand.
Stress Management: Teaching Progressive muscle relaxation - ANSa. Progressive muscle relaxation (complete relaxation within a
few minute)
b. First, you systematically tense particular muscle groups in your body, suchas your neck and shoulders. Next, you release the
tension and notice how your muscles feel when you relax them
Substance Use and Additive Disorders: Reversing an Opioid Overdose - ANSnarcan
Substance Use disorders: Actions for Alcohol Toxicity - ANSa. Alcohol toxicity can start 4-12 hrs after last drink and last up to 5-7
days
b. Give benzo (-pams, chlordiazepoxide) + carbamazepine + clonidine + B. blocker (-olol)
c. NI: seizure precaution, resp. depression, check v.s.
Substance Use Disorders: Adverse Effects of Disulfiram - ANSNausea, vomiting, weakness, sweating, palpitations,
tachycardia, flushing, and hypotension
Urinary Elimination: Strategies for Promoting Urination - ANSa. Urinal for men
b. Toilet, bedpan, or commode
c. Fracture pan: For clients who must remain supine and clients in body or leg casts
d. Regular pan: For clients
who can sit up PROCEDURE NURSING CONSIDERATIONS ● Have clients sit when possible. ● Provide for privacy needs with
adequate time for urinating
word salad - ANSWords jumbled together "Hip hooray, the flip is cast and
, ATI Capstone 2024 A & B/ ATI Comprehensive 2024 A & B Latest
wide-sprinting in the forest."4 steps of Critical Thinking - ans1. identify and analyze the problem; 2. recall info you need to resolve
the problem; 3. evaluate each option; 4. select the correct or priority option
5-HT3 receptor antagonists (serotonin antagonists) - ansDolasetron (Anzemet)
Granisetron (Kytril, Sancuso)
Ondansetron (Zofran)
Tropisetron (Navoban)
It's 'Tron' to the rescue!
a 45-year-old client is taking methylprednisolone. What pharmacological action should the nurse expect with this therapy? -
anscorticosteroids, such as methylprednisolone, will suppress airway mucus production; therapy should promote responsiveness of
beta2 receptors. Adverse effects of this medication include bone loss and formation of candidiasis
a 52-year-old client with a Hx of angina has been prescribed transdermal nitroglycerin. Which of the following adverse effects is not
seen with this therapy? - ansproductive cough; nitroglycerin therapy does not directly have an effect lung function. Physiologically,
vasodilation should effect capillary perfusion and decrease lung secretions.
a client has been prescribed lisinopril. What medication interaction should the nurse instruct this client about? - ansPotassium
supplements and potassium-sparing diuretics increase the risk of hyperkalemia in clients taking ACE inhibitors such as lisinopril.
Clients should only take potassium supplements if prescribed by the provider. Clients should also avoid salt substitutes that contain
potassium.
a client is prescribed propranolol. What client history findings would require the nurse to clarify this prescription? - ansasthma;
clients with asthma should avoid Beta2 Blockade agents such as propranolol. Bronchoconstriction can occur. Clients with asthma
should be administered a beta1selective agent.
A client is taking disulfiram daily for abstinence maintenance. What is an adverse effect of disulfiram? - anshepatotoxicity
a nurse is caring for a client with prescribed digoxin. What should alert the nurse to possible digitalis toxicity? - ansAnorexia, fatigue
and weakness are signs of potential digitalis toxicity. GI effects of digitalis toxicity include anorexia, nausea, vomiting and abdominal
pain. CNS effects include fatigue, weakness, vision changes (diplopia, blurred vision, yellow-green or white halos around objects).
Bradycardia is also commonly noted in digitalis toxicity.
a nurse is preparing to administer 10 units of regular insulin and 20 units of NPH insulin to a client. What is the correct order the
nurse should follow? - ansinspect the vials for contaminants, roll NPH vial between palms of hands, inject air into NPH insulin vial,
inject air onto regular Insulin vial, withdraw short-acting insulin into syringe
add intermediate insulin to syringe; when the prescription requires the administration of two types of insulin, it is preferable to mix
the solutions into one syringe if they are compatible to prevent the client from receiving two injections. The mixture is stable for 28
days.
a nurse is preparing to administer bisacodyl suppository to a client. What actions should the nurse take? - ansDon clean gloves,
lubricate index finger with sterile water-soluble lubricating jelly, position the client on the left lateral side, gently retract the buttocks
with the nondominant hand, insert the suppository gently through the anus, past the internal sphincter, and against the rectal wall.
Following the administration of the medication, the nurse should apply gentle pressure to hold the buttocks together momentarily if
needed to keep medication in place.
activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) - ans20-36; to maintain a therapeutic level of anticoagulation while on heparin, the
aPTT should be 1.5 to 2 times the normal value (60 to 80 seconds).
adolescents's risks for injury can stem from - ansincreased desire to make independent decisions and relying on peers for guidance
rather than family
AFTER THE CLOT HAS LEFT THE BUILDING (Thrombolytics) - ansAdminister beta blockers to decrease myocardial oxygen
consumption and reduce the incidence and severity of reperfusion arrhythmias.
Analysis/data collection requires nurses to look at the data and: - ansrecognize patterns or trends; compare the data with expected
standards or reference ranges, and arrive to conclusions to guide nursing care
Antianemics - ansInstruct clients to take iron on an empty stomach such as 1 hr before meals to maximize absorption. Stomach acid
increases absorption. Instruct clients to space doses at approximately equal intervals throughout day to most efficiently increase red
blood cell production. Instruct clients to increase water and fiber intake (unless contraindicated), and to maintain an exercise
program to counter the constipation effects. Encourage concurrent intake of appropriate quantities of foods high in iron (liver, egg
yolks, muscle meats, yeast).
Anticoagulant common meds - ansheparin, coumadin
Anticoagulants - ansAnticoagulants prevent the formation of blood clots by interfering with the clotting cascade, thereby preventing
coagulation. The use of this class of medications is contraindicated with active bleeding, such as with bleeding disorders, ulcers, or
hemorrhagic brain injuries.
