348 Exam #1 Questions With Correct Detailed Answers.
- Also forms one molecule of GTP • Produces one ATP
For every molecule of glucose entering glycolysis, two molecules of pyruvate are formed, and in
the presence of O2, they are converted to two molecules of acetyl-CoA. This means that each
molecule of glucose results in two turns of the Krebs cycle. - ANSWER- !!!!
Electron transport chain - ANSWER- - Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the
mitochondria
- Electrons removed from NADH and FADH are passed along a series of carriers (cytochromes)
to produce ATP
• Each NADH produces 2.5 ATP • Each FADH produces 1.5 ATP
- Called the chemiosmotic hypothesis
- H+ from NADH and FADH are accepted by O2 to form water
Electron transport chain results in pumping of H+ ions across inner mitochondrial membrane -
ANSWER- - Results in H+ gradient across membrane
One mole of ATP has energy yield of - ANSWER- 7.3 kcal
32 moles of ATP are formed from one mole of - ANSWER- glucose
otential energy released from one mole of glucose is - ANSWER- 686 kcal/mole
Overall efficiency of aerobic respiration is 34% - ANSWER- 66% of energy released as heat
How many ATPs could we generate from the aerobic metabolism of one triglyceride molecule? -
ANSWER- 460
Fats - ANSWER- - Triglycerides ® glycerol and fatty acids
- Fatty acids ® acetyl-CoA • Beta-oxidation
- Glycerol is not an important muscle fuel during exercise
Protein - ANSWER- - Broken down into amino acids
- Converted to glucose, pyruvic acid, acetyl
- CoA, and Krebs cycle intermediates
Energy to perform exercise comes from an interaction between - ANSWER- aerobic and
anaerobic pathways
Short-term, high-intensity activities - ANSWER- Greater contribution of anaerobic energy
systems
Long-term, low to moderate-intensity exercise - ANSWER- Majority of ATP produced from
aerobic sources
At rest, Almost 100% of ATP produced by - ANSWER- aerobic metabolism
At rest, blood lactate levels are - ANSWER- low
, Resting O2 consumption: - ANSWER- - 0.25 L/min- 3.5 ml/kg/min = 1 MET
Rest-to-Exercise, ATP production increases - ANSWER- immediately
Rest-to-Exercise, Oxygen uptake increases rapidly - ANSWER- - Reaches steady state within
1-4 minutes
- After steady state is reached, ATP requirement is met through aerobic ATP production
Rest-to-Exercise, Initial ATP production through anaerobic pathways - ANSWER- - ATP-PC
system
- Glycolysis
Rest-to-Exercise, o - ANSWER- - Lag in oxygen uptake at the beginning of exercise
At the onset of exercise - ANSWER- -aerobic metabolism is not fully activated
-anaerobic energy systems contribute at ATP production
-A mixture of several bioenergetic pathways used to produce ATP
Trained subjects have a lower - ANSWER- oxygen deficit
Trained subjects aerobic ATP production is active earlier - ANSWER- - Better-developed
aerobic bioenergetic capacity
- Cardiovascular or muscular adaptations
Trained subjects result in less production of - ANSWER- lactate and H+
Oxygen uptake remains elevated above rest into - ANSWER- recovery
Oxygen debt - ANSWER- - Term used by A.V. Hill
• Repayment for O2 deficit at onset of exercise
Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) - ANSWER- - Terminology reflects that only
~20% elevated O2 consumption used to "repay" O2 deficit
"Rapid" portion of O2 debt - ANSWER- - Resynthesis of stored PC
- Replenishing muscle and blood O2 stores
"slow" portion of O2 debt - ANSWER- - Elevated heart rate and breathing = energy need
- Elevated body temperature = metabolic rate
- Elevated epinephrine and norepinephrine = metabolic rate
- Conversion of lactic acid to glucose (gluconeogenesis)
First 1-5 seconds of exercise - ANSWER- - ATP through ATP-PC system
Intense exercise longer than 5 seconds - ANSWER- - Shift to ATP production via glycolysis
Events lasting longer than 45 seconds - ANSWER- - ATP production through ATP-PC,
glycolysis, and aerobic systems
- 70% anaerobic/30% aerobic at 60 seconds
- 50% anaerobic/50% aerobic lasting 2-3 minutes
- Also forms one molecule of GTP • Produces one ATP
For every molecule of glucose entering glycolysis, two molecules of pyruvate are formed, and in
the presence of O2, they are converted to two molecules of acetyl-CoA. This means that each
molecule of glucose results in two turns of the Krebs cycle. - ANSWER- !!!!
Electron transport chain - ANSWER- - Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the
mitochondria
- Electrons removed from NADH and FADH are passed along a series of carriers (cytochromes)
to produce ATP
• Each NADH produces 2.5 ATP • Each FADH produces 1.5 ATP
- Called the chemiosmotic hypothesis
- H+ from NADH and FADH are accepted by O2 to form water
Electron transport chain results in pumping of H+ ions across inner mitochondrial membrane -
ANSWER- - Results in H+ gradient across membrane
One mole of ATP has energy yield of - ANSWER- 7.3 kcal
32 moles of ATP are formed from one mole of - ANSWER- glucose
otential energy released from one mole of glucose is - ANSWER- 686 kcal/mole
Overall efficiency of aerobic respiration is 34% - ANSWER- 66% of energy released as heat
How many ATPs could we generate from the aerobic metabolism of one triglyceride molecule? -
ANSWER- 460
Fats - ANSWER- - Triglycerides ® glycerol and fatty acids
- Fatty acids ® acetyl-CoA • Beta-oxidation
- Glycerol is not an important muscle fuel during exercise
Protein - ANSWER- - Broken down into amino acids
- Converted to glucose, pyruvic acid, acetyl
- CoA, and Krebs cycle intermediates
Energy to perform exercise comes from an interaction between - ANSWER- aerobic and
anaerobic pathways
Short-term, high-intensity activities - ANSWER- Greater contribution of anaerobic energy
systems
Long-term, low to moderate-intensity exercise - ANSWER- Majority of ATP produced from
aerobic sources
At rest, Almost 100% of ATP produced by - ANSWER- aerobic metabolism
At rest, blood lactate levels are - ANSWER- low
, Resting O2 consumption: - ANSWER- - 0.25 L/min- 3.5 ml/kg/min = 1 MET
Rest-to-Exercise, ATP production increases - ANSWER- immediately
Rest-to-Exercise, Oxygen uptake increases rapidly - ANSWER- - Reaches steady state within
1-4 minutes
- After steady state is reached, ATP requirement is met through aerobic ATP production
Rest-to-Exercise, Initial ATP production through anaerobic pathways - ANSWER- - ATP-PC
system
- Glycolysis
Rest-to-Exercise, o - ANSWER- - Lag in oxygen uptake at the beginning of exercise
At the onset of exercise - ANSWER- -aerobic metabolism is not fully activated
-anaerobic energy systems contribute at ATP production
-A mixture of several bioenergetic pathways used to produce ATP
Trained subjects have a lower - ANSWER- oxygen deficit
Trained subjects aerobic ATP production is active earlier - ANSWER- - Better-developed
aerobic bioenergetic capacity
- Cardiovascular or muscular adaptations
Trained subjects result in less production of - ANSWER- lactate and H+
Oxygen uptake remains elevated above rest into - ANSWER- recovery
Oxygen debt - ANSWER- - Term used by A.V. Hill
• Repayment for O2 deficit at onset of exercise
Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) - ANSWER- - Terminology reflects that only
~20% elevated O2 consumption used to "repay" O2 deficit
"Rapid" portion of O2 debt - ANSWER- - Resynthesis of stored PC
- Replenishing muscle and blood O2 stores
"slow" portion of O2 debt - ANSWER- - Elevated heart rate and breathing = energy need
- Elevated body temperature = metabolic rate
- Elevated epinephrine and norepinephrine = metabolic rate
- Conversion of lactic acid to glucose (gluconeogenesis)
First 1-5 seconds of exercise - ANSWER- - ATP through ATP-PC system
Intense exercise longer than 5 seconds - ANSWER- - Shift to ATP production via glycolysis
Events lasting longer than 45 seconds - ANSWER- - ATP production through ATP-PC,
glycolysis, and aerobic systems
- 70% anaerobic/30% aerobic at 60 seconds
- 50% anaerobic/50% aerobic lasting 2-3 minutes
