Final Review Notes
• Maintaining chemical disequilibrium of Na+ ions across cell membrane requires primary
active transport
• Basal lamina connects epithelia to underlying tissue
• Microvilli increase SA for absorption
• Ligaments are dense/fibrous connective tissue w high elastin
• Glocosuria: plasma glucose concentrations above renal threshold
• Proximal and distal tubules of nephron are within renal cortex
• Cortisol release stimulated by trophic hormone from anterior pituitary
• Sweat = resistance down
• Podocyte foot processes do not affect glucose reabsorption
• Peptide hormones
o Can be produced as prohormones
o Stored in vesicles
o Require receptors on cell membrane
• Steroid hormones transported by carriers
• Channels cannot be saturated; carriers can
o Neither used for primary active transport
o Both used for facilitated diffusion
• Reabsorption in kidneys affected by changes in concentration
• Release of vasopressin/ADH = inc reabsorption of water
• Saturation = carrier proteins at max rate
• Na/K ATPase
o Binds w high affinity to K+ when open extracellular
o Open extracellular when phosphate bound
• Macula densa cells in ascending loop of Henle = respond to pressure changes
• Adrenocoticotropin release hormone controls cortisol production
• Lacteals are lymph vessels responsible for absorption of chylomicrons in GI tract
• Infundibulum is stalk connecting hypothalamus and pituitary
• Trypsin digests proteins
• Salivary amylase digests carbs
• Diabetes insipidus caused by lack of vasopressin production
• Islets of Langerhans clusters of alpha and beta cells forming endocrine pancreas
• Peristaltic contractions move food
• Bowman’s capsule is part of nephron surrounding glomerulus
• GFR
o Constriction afferent = hydrostatic pressure decreases = GFR decreases
o Constriction efferent = hydrostatic pressure increases = GFR increases
o Macula densa cells respond to pressure changes
, • Fed state: beta cells release insulin = dec glucose = inc glycogenesis (synthesize
glycogen) and lipogenesis (synthesize fats)
• Fasted: alpha cells release glucagon = inc glucose = gluconeogenesis (create glucose
from AA) and lipolysis (break down fats)
• Hepatic duct + cystic duct = common bile duct
o Common bile duct + pancreatic duct à sphincter of oddi to small intestine
• Bowman’s capsule
o Filtration = non-specific, bulk flow
o Podocyte foot processes are filtration slits
o Opposing: colloid osmotic pressure and pressure of fluid
o GFR: glomerular filtration rate
o Macula densa cells line tubule, sense pressure within tubule
o Inc flow into glomerulus = dec hydrostatic pressure = dec GFR
• Hyperthyroid (Graves) produces thyroid antibodies to bind TSH = excess T3/T4 and less
TRH/TSH
• Hypothyroid: T3/T4 not synthesized = more TSH = goiter
• Nodes of Ranvier have high VGSC
• Electrical synapses excitatory only
• During contraction, H zone and I band shorten
o H zone has thick filaments only
• Gray matter unmyelinated ganglia
• CSF produced by choroid plexus in ventricles
• Referred pain because of dorsal horn
• Somatic motor from ventral horn
• Parasympathetic = muscarinic receptors
• Motor unit: number of muscle fibers innervated by single somatic motor neuron
• More internal resistance = slower
o More membrane resistance = faster
o Larger diameter = less internal, high membrane
• Less acetylcholinesterase = more frequent contraction = inc acetylcholine release with
AP
• Myofibril has thick and thin filaments
• Internodes: Schwann cells wrapped around axons
• Intrafusal fibers send sensory signals to brain to maintain tonus
• Ependymal cells = glial cells lining brain ventricles
• Thalamus in diencephalon, integrates somatosensory stimuli and relays to cerebrum
• Guillaine-Barre auto-immune demyelination
• Corpus callosum connects both halves of brain
• Maintaining chemical disequilibrium of Na+ ions across cell membrane requires primary
active transport
• Basal lamina connects epithelia to underlying tissue
• Microvilli increase SA for absorption
• Ligaments are dense/fibrous connective tissue w high elastin
• Glocosuria: plasma glucose concentrations above renal threshold
• Proximal and distal tubules of nephron are within renal cortex
• Cortisol release stimulated by trophic hormone from anterior pituitary
• Sweat = resistance down
• Podocyte foot processes do not affect glucose reabsorption
• Peptide hormones
o Can be produced as prohormones
o Stored in vesicles
o Require receptors on cell membrane
• Steroid hormones transported by carriers
• Channels cannot be saturated; carriers can
o Neither used for primary active transport
o Both used for facilitated diffusion
• Reabsorption in kidneys affected by changes in concentration
• Release of vasopressin/ADH = inc reabsorption of water
• Saturation = carrier proteins at max rate
• Na/K ATPase
o Binds w high affinity to K+ when open extracellular
o Open extracellular when phosphate bound
• Macula densa cells in ascending loop of Henle = respond to pressure changes
• Adrenocoticotropin release hormone controls cortisol production
• Lacteals are lymph vessels responsible for absorption of chylomicrons in GI tract
• Infundibulum is stalk connecting hypothalamus and pituitary
• Trypsin digests proteins
• Salivary amylase digests carbs
• Diabetes insipidus caused by lack of vasopressin production
• Islets of Langerhans clusters of alpha and beta cells forming endocrine pancreas
• Peristaltic contractions move food
• Bowman’s capsule is part of nephron surrounding glomerulus
• GFR
o Constriction afferent = hydrostatic pressure decreases = GFR decreases
o Constriction efferent = hydrostatic pressure increases = GFR increases
o Macula densa cells respond to pressure changes
, • Fed state: beta cells release insulin = dec glucose = inc glycogenesis (synthesize
glycogen) and lipogenesis (synthesize fats)
• Fasted: alpha cells release glucagon = inc glucose = gluconeogenesis (create glucose
from AA) and lipolysis (break down fats)
• Hepatic duct + cystic duct = common bile duct
o Common bile duct + pancreatic duct à sphincter of oddi to small intestine
• Bowman’s capsule
o Filtration = non-specific, bulk flow
o Podocyte foot processes are filtration slits
o Opposing: colloid osmotic pressure and pressure of fluid
o GFR: glomerular filtration rate
o Macula densa cells line tubule, sense pressure within tubule
o Inc flow into glomerulus = dec hydrostatic pressure = dec GFR
• Hyperthyroid (Graves) produces thyroid antibodies to bind TSH = excess T3/T4 and less
TRH/TSH
• Hypothyroid: T3/T4 not synthesized = more TSH = goiter
• Nodes of Ranvier have high VGSC
• Electrical synapses excitatory only
• During contraction, H zone and I band shorten
o H zone has thick filaments only
• Gray matter unmyelinated ganglia
• CSF produced by choroid plexus in ventricles
• Referred pain because of dorsal horn
• Somatic motor from ventral horn
• Parasympathetic = muscarinic receptors
• Motor unit: number of muscle fibers innervated by single somatic motor neuron
• More internal resistance = slower
o More membrane resistance = faster
o Larger diameter = less internal, high membrane
• Less acetylcholinesterase = more frequent contraction = inc acetylcholine release with
AP
• Myofibril has thick and thin filaments
• Internodes: Schwann cells wrapped around axons
• Intrafusal fibers send sensory signals to brain to maintain tonus
• Ependymal cells = glial cells lining brain ventricles
• Thalamus in diencephalon, integrates somatosensory stimuli and relays to cerebrum
• Guillaine-Barre auto-immune demyelination
• Corpus callosum connects both halves of brain
