Enzymes Oxidizes Glycerol 3-phosphate
• Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
Substrate-level phosphorylation in reductase
mitochondria
• Succinyl CoA synthetase Transcriptionally activated by insulin with
high glucose levels
Fructose metabolism • Phosphofructokinase-1
• Aldolase B • Phosphofructokinase-2
• Pyruvate
Dephosphorylated in the presence of insulin • Glucokinase
• Pyruvate kinase
• Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex Activated by glycogen
• Glucose 6-phosphate phosphatase
Activated by Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate • PEP carboxykinase
• Phosphofructokinase-1 • Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
phosphatase
Anapleurotic reaction
• Malate dehydrogenase Catalyzes investment of ATP in
• Pyruvate decarboxylase gluconeogenesis
• Pyruvate carboxylase
Inhibited by Glucose 6-phosphate • Phosphoglycerate kinase
• Hexokinase
ATP is a substrate as well as inhibitor of this
Lack of this leads to galactosemia • Phosphofructokinase-1
• Galactokinase
Catalyzes an oxidation reaction and
Part of Complex II in ETC phosphorylation of its substrate
• Succinate dehydrogenase • Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
dehydrogenase
Generates FADH2
• Succinate dehydrogenase Catalyzes loss of CO2 during TCA Cycle
• Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
Is both oxidoreductase and kinase in
respiration Participates in substrate-level
• Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate phosphorylation in mitochondria
dehydrogenase • Succinyl CoA Synthetase
Activated by Acetyl CoA Participates in anaplurotic reaction, investing
• Pyruvate carboxylase ATP molecule
• Citrate synthase • Pyruvate carboxylase
Breaks the 6-C molecule into 2 3-C molecules Directly regulated by phosphorylation in
• Aldolase response to glucagon levels
• Pyruvate kinase
• Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
Substrate-level phosphorylation in reductase
mitochondria
• Succinyl CoA synthetase Transcriptionally activated by insulin with
high glucose levels
Fructose metabolism • Phosphofructokinase-1
• Aldolase B • Phosphofructokinase-2
• Pyruvate
Dephosphorylated in the presence of insulin • Glucokinase
• Pyruvate kinase
• Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex Activated by glycogen
• Glucose 6-phosphate phosphatase
Activated by Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate • PEP carboxykinase
• Phosphofructokinase-1 • Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
phosphatase
Anapleurotic reaction
• Malate dehydrogenase Catalyzes investment of ATP in
• Pyruvate decarboxylase gluconeogenesis
• Pyruvate carboxylase
Inhibited by Glucose 6-phosphate • Phosphoglycerate kinase
• Hexokinase
ATP is a substrate as well as inhibitor of this
Lack of this leads to galactosemia • Phosphofructokinase-1
• Galactokinase
Catalyzes an oxidation reaction and
Part of Complex II in ETC phosphorylation of its substrate
• Succinate dehydrogenase • Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
dehydrogenase
Generates FADH2
• Succinate dehydrogenase Catalyzes loss of CO2 during TCA Cycle
• Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
Is both oxidoreductase and kinase in
respiration Participates in substrate-level
• Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate phosphorylation in mitochondria
dehydrogenase • Succinyl CoA Synthetase
Activated by Acetyl CoA Participates in anaplurotic reaction, investing
• Pyruvate carboxylase ATP molecule
• Citrate synthase • Pyruvate carboxylase
Breaks the 6-C molecule into 2 3-C molecules Directly regulated by phosphorylation in
• Aldolase response to glucagon levels
• Pyruvate kinase
