Solutions Manual for Classical Fortran (2nd Edition, 2009) by Kupferschmid – Covers All 17 Chapters

9 




123456271

,01234235
6 789 9 9  6
 


  
 !"#
$#  
% 9 9 9 &'(&)*& +
,-.#  /
,-.#  0
,-.#1  2
,-.#3  11
,-.#/  2/
,-.#4  0/
,-.#2  /
,-.#5  
,-.#0  0
,-.#6  10
,-.#  /0
,-.#  2
,-.#1  20
,-.#3  50
,-.#/  0/
,-.#4  6
,-.#2  62
+ '()'(&)*&7 &)9 9 %%6
8 &* 9:;<=<>? @)99)AA9 %BC




D

,0
123456789 345839 4

00 



!"
#$%&# &
'()'*)*+,-()'
(-./(,-,+0/,.-
)(0(.
)
1&$$"2&3456578
0
0()9(:,,;<0'*+,-()
(.*)'(=,
>)0-''?()
.:@)/('*)A)'*)'(>BC
D+B,.0-)EFGHIJKGGELMKNGOJPQHRFJSQRPRJIMGB,.
,.>*;',=(0((
0T,>0(,'
,+0/0*)U/)(/
+,-B,.(,/,'
.>((


!"
#$%&# &V=)()-B,./,ABT)-:0(U
+-,U (,-,'>B.
)((,?)(*)0
0:,.(,=(,=,-;())9)-/
)
C))9)-/
)
0-)0
T0>.0:>)0*(,>)0-''?()U0()-0>'()()9(:,,;<:.(,'>B+B,.=,-;()UW
X$YZ[
\,,;'?.A()0'
=)-
'
()0*,+]?.-'?()U,.(*)A-T)
B,.,+0',AA,-(.'(B(,>)0-'
()U0()-0>CD+0'0'
=)-
+,-/-)*(</)0('?
0>
,A)-
,'0>>B*)?-0*'?(,B,.0'*
.'+0-(,B,.-/>0

U0()
<0'*(U?(A>0/)B,.'@),A0-*B,+*
/A>'0-B0/(,'CD+(


0'>>/(/,AB<A>)0
)*)
(-,B(',=CD+(

0
(,>)'/,AB<A>)0
)-)(.-'((,(
-?(+.>
,=')-C^()-=0B<_`abcdefghij
D+B,.0-)EFGHIJKGkJERKMKNGOJFHlmJPGlnnQHRFJkS()'B,.0-)B,.-,=''
(-./o
(,-Cp>)0
)-)0*()')9(
)/(,'C


0q rstut



!"
#$%&# &
'()'*)*+,-()'
(-./(,-,+0/,.-
)(0(.
)
1&$$"2&3456578
0
0()9(:,,;<0'*+,-()
(.*)'(=,
>)0-''?()
.:@)/('*)A)'*)'(>BC
D+B,.0-)')()-/0()?,-BB,.
,.>*;',=(0((?-)0(>B*U'
)
().
)+.>')

,+
())9)-/
)
+,-?-0*)*=,-;+()-
,>.(,'
:)/,U)A.:>/Cp>)0
)-)+-0'+-,U>,0''?
(
:,,;(,,()-
<*
(-:.('?
,>.(,'
(,,()-
<,-A,
('?
,>.(,'
,'()v,->*v*)
v):CD+B,.=0'((,
,=0?-,.A,=(,
,>T)0A-,:>)U<D
.??)
(U0;'?0(-0'
A0-)'/B
,-
/0'''?(,0wxyz]>)+,-A-,@)/(,'<,-A,
('?()
,>.(,''0*
A>0B/0
).'*)-
?>0

<
,0
(,-)T)0>()0'
=)-=>)*
/,.-0?'?A,(,/,AB'?,-)>)/(-,'/
/0'''?C
{(()
0U)(U)<(
A-.*)'(+,-'
(-./(,-
(,)9A)/((0(
,U)
(.*)'(
=>>0T)
0//)

(,()
,>.(,'
0'*(.
0'.'+0-0*T0'(0?),T)-()-/>0

U0()
=,*,',(CD+
B,.
.
A)/((
U?(:)()/0
)<B,.
,.>*/,'
*)-0

?''?()9(:,,;)9)-/
)
=,
)

,>.(,'
0-)#
!'/>.*)*'(
%&# &,-U0;'?.AA-,:>)U
,+B,.-,='<A)-0A

U,*)>)*,')9)-/
)
'()()9(:,,;C
|0A()-},+(
%&# &A-,T*)

,>.(,'
(,0:,.(0>+,+())9)-/
)
'()()9(<
*
(-:.()*'
./0=0B0
(,-)A-)
)'()0/A-,:>)U(BA)')0//0A()-=>)+0T,-'?
)0
BA-,:>)U
0'*)0->B/0A()-
C|0A()-~,+(
%&# &/,'(0'

,U)0**(,'0>
)9)-/
)
0'*()-
,>.(,'
C|0A()-/,'(0'

,U)U0()-0>
(0(D0T)+,.'*.
)+.>
'()0/'?A-,?-0UU'?+-,U1&$$"2&3456578C


€

,0
1234562785259 688




 !"#
$
%
&
'


()*+',
 %#$-

%
&
'

().+'
%%&

%




&
#%

/
0
%


$1
2'

(
)3+'
%
( 
4%


%
 #
'

%
0
/

'%


'&!
567879:$;
 %

0


%
 #&(

&
%
&
"
'
&&!$
%
<=>$?$@A )*+
).+
 )3+%
2
B:CDB798B6:   
EFEGE:897H  I
J
I
K
B:8E7GELB98E J I I
K
I
M
9LN9:OEL I
K
I
M
I
P
7EQE7E:OE   

;%
 &(


4&
=>$?$@#$;
&
 %
0 
%
"

0RSTUV'!
S
&
 %
&
0"
%

U
0 "
%
 &(!%

&$W%%




& !&
#%$
X
 %
0


 %
&


#%

'!


#0


'
 %
2
"
%Y

Z
[!
\
&


$;'







0

%!!
(


%
$
]Y'

^_`a_b
0!


&&&
%
$c

%%


#&(' ^_`a_bde %




#
%0

%fghijk 


<c'l]X'cml'
n#Al
%


$
l
! 

'%

&

opqrqstupvrwx
%%

1e]#yz?'{
%
0'|}zy>?y$


@

,0 123445632789 9 254332




   


 

!"#

# !"#

# !"#

# !"#

#
$%&'$()*$+% , -. , 0 , , , /0 ,
12131%*)(4 - -/ -/ / - , , -0 -0
/ -, -, / - - - -0 -/
0 -5 -5 0 / 0 / // -.
0 /5 /5 -5 6 6 0 06 07
5 -. -. . 5 6 0 07 /8
7 /8 /8 -- 7 0 / 0/ 05
$%*1(319$)*1 8 -/ 7 6 0 0 - /0 -,
6 -- 7 8 0 5 / /0 --
. -, 5 -, 0 7 / /7 --
-, . 5 . 0 /0 7 0/ -0
)9:)%;19 -- // 6 7 / 6 / 07 -/
-/ /. -, -, 0 / - 0- -0
-0 /0 6 -. 5 0 - 07 -0
-0 -8 7 5 / / - /0 .
-5 -, 0 -- 0 , , /- 8
-7 8 0 6 / - - -7 7
-8 0/ -- -. 5 8 / 56 -6
(1<1(1%;1 -6 -- , . , 0 , /0 ,

 0/- -60 -78 7, 6. 0, 588 /76

,01234516741489 9 5797 





!"#$%&'()*+,-*.-//01.21.3.#045"#4#5*+-32#4,-#46-0701."*8
05449/7*24/97#44#/72#:5*+*-/ /#101.+32455#/#154;
7 !"#$<=(&'>?$*+
,-*.-//01.21.3.#-#5"#-32#4:#46-0701.8"5/#101.556"#45*#6"49156506229@
6*--#65455#/#15;
6 ABCD?<?BE<04"3/1@-#:72#5#F56*1404501.*+6*//#1541:
49156506229@6*--#65455#/#154014*/#,-*.-//01.21.3.#;
: GHI<?'?BE<04
4#J3#16#*+/6"01#@-#:72#49/7*24K3432291*56*--#4,*1:01.5*,-01572#6"-65#-4K
-#,-#4#1501.5"#/6"01#0145-3650*145"5-#4325+-*/ 5-142501.4*3-6#,-*.-/+*-
,-50632-,-*6#44*-;
#L>&M(N<<E>'>&N045"#,-*6#44*+6*165#1501.5"#*7O#656*:#+*-
5"#P-0*34-*3501#4*+,-*.-/K01623:01.34#-@8-055#1K207--9K1:4945#/437,-*.-/4K
1:Q2201.015"#0-
-#250P# 45-501.::-#44#48"#-#P#-5"*4#/0."57#-#J30-#:5*-#4*2P#
-#+#-#16#479#6"-*3501#5*5"#*5"#-4/R01.3,5"#,-*.-/;
+ S1<)<?C'(HT<04
6*165#150*1*+*7O#65/*:32#4805"22*+5"#6-*44-#+#-#16#4-#4*2P#:K6*/,2#5#1:
-#:95*7#2*:#:015*5"#/#/*-9*+6*/,35#-8"#-#05617#7-16"#:5*01*-:#-5*
-315"#6*/,02#:,-*.-/;
U

V15"047**R
66*-:01.5*WX;X 5"#+*22*801.6"-65#-4#50434#:01YZ[\[]^
74_49`9647a
bcde
fghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
{|}~€‚ƒ„
†‡ˆ‰Š‹ŒŽ
!"#2*8#-@64#2,"7#5066"-65#-4K1:*6640*1229*5"#-6"-65#-4K-#24*34#:01
YZ[\[]^ 1``9647015"#5#F57**R;!"#4#/06*2*10434#:45"#6*1501350*16"-65#-
015"#5#F57**R;!"#31:#-46*-#6"-65#- 04/#150*1#:01WX‘;’;’1:,,#-401WX“;’
015"#1/#4*+”•V-*3501#41:P-072#4;V1WX‘;“;XK5"#/,#-41:6"-65#-–04
/#150*1#:;
—

˜244062YZ[\[]^34#4QF#:4*3-6#+*-/K018"06"455#/#1547#.0101*-5*
5"#-0."5*+6*23/1™1:#F5#1:*1295"-*3."6*23/1™’;!"#-#+*-#K721R4-#40.10Q615
016*23/14X@“*+#6"455#/#151:/91*57#*/055#:K1:721R434#:+*-01:#1550*1
/3451*5,34"5"#5#F5*+455#/#15,456*23/1™’
7354##WX‘;X;‘;S4:046344#:01
WXšK721R4/9*663-016"-65#-45-01.41:5"#9-#5"#140.10Q6154:5;›5"#-804#K
721R4/97#014#-5#:*-*/055#:55"#,-*.-//#-œ4*,50*1;!"34K+*-#F/,2#K5"#
+*22*801.,-*.-/4-#-#.-:#:4#J30P2#15795"#6*/,02#-;
žŸ¡¢£ žžŸ ¡¢£
¤Ÿ£¡¥¦ ¤¤Ÿ£¡¥¦
§Ÿ¨©ª«¬ž­­®¯¤­­®° §Ÿ¨©ª«¬žž­­®¯¤¤­­®°
±ª²³«­´§ ±ª²³«­´§
¨«µ± ¨«µ±
¶³· ¶³·
S:P06#04.0P#101WX’;¸;7*35"*8/36"8"05#4,6#5*34#8"#-#4*5"59*3-,-*.-/4
80227##495*-#:;

,0 123445632789 9 254332



!"
#$%$&'()(
**+",(-,
.
+/+"0("0(,(1 
/.* $
(
'2)(,"("+*+"*.,"(33+(

/.* ,$456%') -"+7"+7"+
!2+-


/.*
56,!

+
2-"0+
*3/+
%'
)
**+"( 2+
".+

/-2-,+
"!(
"0+


**+"/+%'+),"("+*+"( 2+!  
/.* 8&

(-
"0+

/.* "
"0+
!0"

9
/.* 5&(,/
!(,"+
,2+9

+
/.* 5:%
;(0<=>>?@A/+ (B/(,,(/CDEFEGH3

!
(*0(,(1 
/.* $&(

,!

+
2-"0+
*3/+
%B
**+",( 2+
".+

/-2-,+
"!(
"0+

**+"
/+%I "0,2

J&
**+",(
+K
""+ .,!*7+
(,+%
;(0LAMA?>?@A/+ (B/(,,(/CDEFEGH3

!
(*2+!,

"
"0+
!0"
9
/.*
5(
+
,

2+9

+
/.* 56% I"*.,"2+
,"
."+
(


!"
"0+
./+,
9
CDEFEGH,- "(7&(
,"
( ,/("+
2-"0+
*3/+
%N"("+*+",( 2+
".+
2-3/(!
(
2/( J0(
("+

"0+
"0( O 
/.* 0
9+(0
".("
/+',++#$:%$%8)%I
"0,2

J&,"("+*+",(
+K
""+ .,!.33+
(,+/+""+
,&(
"0+
".("
0(
("+

,P%
 ?Q?<RAMST?,"("+*+"!++
("+,*(0+,"
."
,"0("(
++7+."+
("
. "*+&
(9"+

"

/,"
( ,9+

+
2-"0+
3+
("!,-,"+*"
"0++7+."(2/+3

!
(*%
U0+@=@V?Q?<RAMST?,"("+*+",
9(3

!
(* 3

W
+"0+
*3/+
K"09

*("

(2
.""0+,
.
+"+7"'+%!%&XY*(
J,"0++

9"0+,
.
+9

+(0

."+)

(2
."
"0+
("(,"
.".
+,"0("K//2+.,+
2-"0+3

!
(* '+%!%&1Z[[ZX,"("+*+",
+,
2+
"0+/(-
."
9,0(
+

("((
+(,&(,+73/(+
#8)%\
4+7+."(2/+,"("+*+",'+%!%&"-3+

+/(
("
,)( (]+""0+*(0+

+"0(",!++
("+
9

+7+."(2/+,"("+*+",&


'+%!%&
*3/+4"*+"(/^("
,)( (.,+"0+!++
("

9*(0+

+"0(","

+,
("(
K0+ "0+3

!
(*,/
(
+
"
*+*

-%
_U0+"0
++,"("+*+","


.+
"0,0(3"+
(
+`abXc&dcZ`&(
XY%U0+
`abXc,"("+*+"( 2+.,+
"
3
""+7"

'(,K+,0(//,++/("+
)"0+W(/.+,
9W(
(2/+,%
U0+dcZ`,"("+*+",+7+."(2/+&(

+".
,
"

/
9"0+3

+,,

"
"0+
3+
("!
,-,"+*%U0+XY,"("+*+",
4+7+."(2/+&(
*(
J,"0++

9+(0

."+e,,
.
+
"+7"%
fU
2+!
. !-
.
3

!
(*&"0+
3+
("!,-,"+* 
3+,-
.
+7+."(2/+
"
*+*

-(
"
( ,9+
,
"

/"
",g
,"*(0+,"
."
%h0+ -
.
3

!
(*,
g ,0+
"+7+."+,(dcZ`,"("+*+""

+".

"

/
9"0+3

+,,

"
"0+
3+
("!
,-,"+*%3

!
(*( 
"( (- .*2+

9dcZ`,"("+*+",'"0
.!0"*(J+,,+,+(

,,- "("(//-/+!(/"
0(W+*

+"0(
+
/-9"0+3

!
(*0(,*

+"0(
+3
,,2/+
3("09

"0+i
K
9
"

/&(,+73/(+
#:)%I 
"
(,"&XY,"0+/(,","("+*+"
9
"0+,
.
+"+7"
9(

."+(
,
"+7+."(2/+%I (g/+
"(!,+W+
(/

."+,&"0+
XY,"("+*+",,0
K"0+
*3/+
K0+
+
+

."++
,(
"0+ +7"2+!,'"0,(
0(33+ K0+ (3

!
(*
,,",
9,+W+
(/

."+,&(,+73/(+
#0)%
jB/(,,(/CDEFEGH,(
("0+
/
K4/+W+//( !.(!+&2."",+(,+
"
K
"+"0(
(,,+*2/+
/( !.(!+(
k6l+(,+
"
K
"+"0( *(0+/( !.(!+% (,,+*2/+
4


*(0+4/( !.(!+3

!
(*( 2+.,+

/-
3

+,,

,0(W!(3(
"./(
,"
."

,+"&2."(CDEFEGH3

!
(*( 2+.,+

(-
*3."+
"0("0(,(CDEFEGH
*3/+
%

,01234516741489 9 5797 



!"#
$%&'(%)*
+&,

,*-*,%
,
*(,


./01023*4%
%

&,$
%
*
4

*,
(
-


,
5'%,


*5*
%& 4

%*4*%65
$%
'
,&!*+%*$,((*%%(,
%
*,(*'**6(%7,'
,&
6%&,%4'7*%8%,(
4

%*#,

4*%4

%**
%
,*46'
,&(6,5#,


$,
,*%
$%(
-,
%
%


*
%''%7&%65
$%&'(%&6
%*,((7
$%',
*
&,-%,
%9%4
,6(%!
:;7,<(,**,(./01023*4%'
,&*

$%=(%>?@ABCDE#+%4(&'(%
,
4

654*

FGHIJK &&,
**&(,

$%*%!
LMNOPQRSTTUVLWXYZS
LMNOP[R\ZVL]
^
%9%4
,6(%'%',%7
%&'4
%,
6%4

,

$%
(57
$%
'%***7
$%
+&,$
%*6
$4*%
$%*,&%*%
7&,$
%
*
4

*#6%,4*%
$%
6_%
%
,
%9%4
,6(%
**
*7&,$
%
*
4

*7
$%'%**7
$%&`
'4
%+$%%
$%'
,&+,*&'(%!a8%
7
$%'%***,%
$%*,&%#
$%%9%4
,6(%
+
)
4


$%*%
&'4
%7
$%&'4
%*$,8%b%%

*5*
%&4JK

%*#+$$

$%5'6,6(5+((4
(%**
$%'%,


*5*
%&*,%%

,(8%*
*7FGHI !c&8%
,./01023'
,&7&
%&,$
%
,

$%7,b%%

-

*4*4,((5
%%**,5

%&'(%
$%'
,&d
$,
*#
,
*(,
%
$%*4%
&,$
%(,

4,
%,
(
-

$%
*5*
%&4

%*e

$%
%+&,$
%!
fg*;+
%4'
$**(4

#&5&'4
%*,h<4



i
49!;4*%
$%
jk
%9
%


5'%
$%
%9
7
$%'
,& 

,=(%
,&%lCmm?DE#$,




$%
'
,&&%)*
,&%
&5+
!c$%
;7((+%
$%*,&'(%
%&
,(*%**

!n

&'(%
$%'
,&,
4

#,**$+
65
$%7((+


8%*,

!
oNpYPQ[qrRsNtYuuVZS
oNpYPQ[qqRoVWYtYuuVZS
v
vVwYxyzNXt\Yu{L|SYWUXtoNw
v
v }tNU|WV~W\oU\yUtYuuVZ
v
€‚}ƒ„†YuuV„‡VWuwˆ
‰}Š
‹‚Œ
oNpYPQ[qR~TTtYuuVZS
oNpYPQ[qŽR\ZVL]
†YuuV„‡VWuwˆ
oNpYPQ[qTR
5FGHIJK '&'
*&5(


,&%#+$$*k‘C#7((+%65,&&,

4&6%

*’4,%6,-%
*!;$,6%%
4*

&5&,$
%7,+$(%

$%,5
$,
;
$*#,


$%&&,

4&6%$, %,$%“”•–+$%
;6%
,
!c*$++$,
;%

%%

$%=(%
4*

jk#;4*%
$%FGHIJK ?AC&&,

(*

*

%

*!c$%
,&%7
$%i
49
&'(%*—˜˜#*;4*%
$,

&'(%
$%'
,&!c$%
;%

%%
$%
,&%7
$%
%9%4
,6(%'4%65
$%&'(%#™D?@š#
4

$%'
,&!

,0 123445632789 9 254332



!"
"#$%
$&'()!$**+
,"#$"$&"-

./"#$01231456")"$7$" 6

6866$
9:;<:<*<=#$6")"$7$">)6
7""$
,

7"#6#)("$
-$)86$ "#$?@ABCD
$E

7$""#)">$#)E$)6687$
F")

6
"#!)
#)6"#$(
"$")G"
-$
,86!<
0123145>)6G$,"
8"
,"#$9:<H")-G$
,6")"$7$"6-$)86$>$


"
6
$
")()
"
,
IG)66)GJKLMLNO<

, 01234516741489 9 5797 









!"#$%&'()*+,-./.(0(*.-.'/.1/*2(3*.(41'/*5(63*.'(',7).(*8-(74)54/093.')8.
/:(1.3*53.-4(-8+.-/4(.'(/--35*0(*.-.);/*6<=
!#$%&'(>?@A@BCD/43/2+(EFG3-4(/+H2(1/8-(3.6)(-*).2(53*93.'IHJHKHLH
MH)4N=O'(.'(4P)63-4(/+3-2(,)*6.'(-1)7()Q.'3-.(R.S,)893++'/D(.)6(136(Q)4
,)84-(+Q=
!T#$%U.3-*).*(1(--/4,Q)4.'(D/+8()Q/>?@A@BCD/43/2+(.)1'/*5(6843*5.'(
(R(18.3)*)Q/74)54/0S3.1/*4(./3*.'(-/0(D/+8(.'4)85')8..'(1/+18+/.3)*=>?@A@BC
1)*-36(4-D/43/2+(-2(53**3*593.'.'(+(..(4-IHJHKHLHMH/*6N.)2(3*.(5(4-2,6(Q/8+.=
V-7/1(3-*)./+(5/+1'/4/1.(43*/D/43/2+(*/0(H-)D/43/2+(-1/**).'/D(*/0(--81'/-
IW$M;X28.-((YR(413-(-Z=[=\/*6\=]=Z\^=U.3-+(5/+.)8-(.'(-/0(D/43/2+(*/0(Q)4
0)4(.'/*)*(_8/*.3.,H28./-9(-'/++-((3*`Za=b=a.'/.3-8-8/++,*)./5))636(/=
!c#$%X/^defghij k eflhij k ehij -).'((R74(--3)*1/*2(4(943..(*$mnopqrs=&'(
*80(431/+D/+8()Q$mnopqrs3-r tquprupvwH-).'((R74(--3)*1)8+63*-.(/6-307+,2(
4(7+/1(62,.'/.*802(4=X2^dehijghijkehijlhijkehijx -).'((R74(--3)*1/*2 (4(943..(*
$mnopqryyrs)44(7+/1(62,rz{{vqvt|uH9'31'3-3.-*80(431/+D/+8(=X1^\}ajkZ~}abH-)
$mnop€qr‚ƒyyrs1/*3*.
84*2(4(943..(*$mnov{qrts)44(7+/1(62,rz{{vqvt|u/-3*X2^=
X6^e k„/*6e€ ƒk†H-)$mno;LFEo;s‡;LFEo<ss1/*2(4(7+/1(62,;y<=
!ˆ#‰%U.3-.)2(-')9*.'/.IŠJŠKŠL‹IŠoJyKyLs(D(*.')85'3*.(5(463D3-3)*.48*Œ
1/.(-=&'(Q)++)93*574))Q3-68(.)=Ž=43-'*/0))4.',=
U**802(4.'()4,H.48*1/.3)*3-8-..'(‘’))4“)7(4/.3)*H”•–—˜H,3(+63*5.'(-0/++(-.3*.(Œ
5(4*).+(--.'/*.'(4(/+_8).3(*.•™—=&'8-3.-8š1(-.)74)D(.'/.””›–œ˜–˜k”›–Xœž^˜=
Ÿ(.›k žœ¡¢–~£¢¤œS.'(*”›–œ˜k =
Ÿ(. k¥ž¡¦–~£¦¤S.'(*”–˜k¥=
§)91)*-36(4.'(435'.Œ'/*6-36(H”›–Xœž^˜=Ž82-.3.8.3*5H9(¨*6.'3-=
›k¥žœž¡¦žœ¡¢
©(1/8-(ª~H9(1/*08+.37+,.'48.'(-(1)*63*(_8/+3.,/2)D(.))2./3*~£¦žœ¤žœ=
&'(*¦žœ¡¢¤žœ¡¢=©8.~£¦¤H-).'(+/45(-..'(3*.(5(4¦1/*2(3-«Z
/*6¦žœ¡¢£X«Z^žœ¡¢=Ž303+/4+,H2(1/8-(~£¢¤œH.'(+/45(-..'(3*.(5(4¢1/*
2(3-œ«Z=&'(*¦žœ¡¢£žœ«œ¡Xœ«Z^kœž«Z=&'8-¦žœ¡¢¤œž/*6
”›–Xœž^˜k¥H9'31'1)07+(.(-.'(74))Q=¬