, ↑
Culture key terms Socialisation
Culture is a shared way of life for a group of people. Culture is a very broad concept which encompasses: the norms, values, customs, traditions, habits, skills and knowledge of a group of people. PRIMARY SOCIALISATION
Culture is often a big factor in determining how a person thinks or feels and it often directs their actions, Primary socialisation is where i
NORMS
Norms define appropriate and acceptable behaviour in a given situation. For example, there are norms governing how we are supposed to behave according to our gender- that us rules governing FAMILIES
what counts as masculine and feminine behaviour. There are 4 types of norms
• Imitation: one way in which
• Folkways: Folkways are described as socially approved behaviours that don’t carry any moral significance.
• Mores: Mores are designed as socially approved behaviours that often carry moral significance that ususally stmes from religion.
watch and copy their paren
• Taboo: Taboo is an action or behaviour that is prohibited or restricted by social custom. what to eat, how to control
• Laws: Laws are norms that are actually defined as being either legal or illegal. The government often decide these norms so people can receive formal sanctions for breaking these norms. believe (values).
• Role models: people that ch
VALUE example as children are oft
A value is something that is thought to be worthwhile by the members of that society. It defines what is worth striving for as member of that social group. Example: British values clothes and activities.
• Democracy (Everyone has a vote)
• Sanctions: children learn th
• Rule of Law (A law put in place to ensure everyone is treated the same)
• Individual liberty (Freedom to make our own choices)
incorrect behaviour or rew
• Mutual respect and tolerance (To celebrate diversity and treat everyone how we would like to be treated). emotion due to it being per
• Expectation: parents may h
CUSTOMS education, the activities th
Customs are defined as regular and patterned ways of behaving and are characteristics of a certain culture. Customs are regular traditions that are often accompanied by rituals and/or ceremonies. discourages from playing sp
Example: in the UK we have Bonfire Night on 5th November. from a young age.
STATUS
Sociologists use the term “status” to refer to the position an individual occupies within society (social status). Am individual’s status defines their relationship with other people in society, because
SECONDARY SOCIALISATION
status exist within a hierarchy. Secondary socialisation occurs
• Ascribed status: those in which a person has no choice as either it was assigned at birth or involuntarily later in life. about our culture and identity.
• Achieved status: involves some degree of choice and is either earned, achieved or accomplished as a result of some effort. one of their own family.
ROLE EDUCATION
A role is a set of norms which define appropriate and expected behaviour for those who occupy a particular status. Each status has a set of accompanying roles- the expected behaviour (norm)
• Formal curriculum: the form
associated with a particular social status.
formal programme of speci
promote the educational ac
government think childrren
- -
deliberately taught false “fa
• Hidden curriculum: refers t
!
Social control expected to conform to and
Social control is “the various methods used to persuade or force individuals to conform to the dominant social norms
and values of a society, and to prevent deviance. Examples include: physical violence, economic pressure, social Culture ethic.
acceptance and socialisation. -
DEVIANCE Other examples of secondary socialisation
Deviance is a failure to conform to social norms and behaviour which goes against (breaches) the dominant norms of
the specific society or group in which it occurs. Deviance doesn’t always mean breaking the law. PEER GROUPS
• Early friendship: children tend to join peer groups from the age of 3 or 4 (nursery
SANCTIONS own norms and values from a young age, often through play.
Sanctions: the means whereby a social norm is enforced, either by a positive or negative device and either formally • Peer pressure: the influence of a group or individual on another person to alter the
or informally. Sanctions were designed as a form of social control as a way of encouraging or discouraging certain
deviant behaviour. MEDIA
• Sanctions are positive when they are used to celebrate conformity. • Copycat behaviour: social learning theory (Bandura) suggests that children are part
• Sanctions are negative when they are used to punish or discourage non-conformity (deviance). learned behaviour from the media by copying what they saw on TV.
, Identity
“The distinctive characteristics of a person’s character, or the character of a group which relates to who they are and what is meaningful to
them”
• Primary identity: A sense of self (the qualities, beliefs, personality, looks) expressions that make a person themselves, their perception of
who they are.
• Secondary identity: A person’s sense of who they are based on their group membership e.g social class, gender, nationality, ethnicity.
GENDER
Differences between sex and gender: sex refers to the biological differences between males and females while gender refers to cultural
expectations associated with “femininity” and “masculinity”.
Gender role socialisation is the process in which expectations concerning appropriate behaviours for males and females are transmitted in
society. Ann Oakley (feminist sociologist) describes how gender role socialisation occur through 4 processes.
• Manipulation: describes as parents influencing their children by either encouraging or discouraging certain behaviours in their children on
the basis of their own consideration of good and bad for a male or female child.
• Canalisation: describes how children are persuaded to show more interest to certain toys, for example, girls are often encouraged to play
with dolls while boys often encouraged to play with trucks or cars.
• Verbal appellation: refers to parents use of language for example girls will be called “angels” and “princesses” whereas boys are often
“little monsters” or other aggressive names. Can also be seen in clothing.
• Different activities: describes how gender determines what activities are appropriate for children, for example girls are often encouraged
to participate in indoor activities which are often ‘domestic’ in nature while boys are encouraged to participant in more outdoor activities
e.g football.
Social class
Identity
Social class refers to divisions in society based on economic and social status. People in the same social class typically share a
similar level of wealth, educational achievement, type of job and income. The classic formation of social class in Britain is to Ethnicity
see Britain as being divided into 3 classes: working, middle and upper class. Ethnicity defines the cultural traits that society thinks are important (soc
• Working class: Those individuals engaged in manual work, often having low levels of educational achievement. The
national, tribal, religious, linguistic or cultural origin or background,
traditional working class job included heavy labouring and factory based work.
Race is defined as “a category of humankind that shares certain distinctiv
• Middle class: Those individuals engaged in non-manual work often having higher levels of educational achievement. Classic
characteristics e.g skin colour. However, race is still a social construct as
middle class jobs include everything from doctors and lawyers to clerical workers.
identity.
• Upper class: The elite class that controls the majority of wealth and power in British society.
Hybrid identities
Measuring social class Hybridisation: someone’s sense of who they are is a mixture of two or mo
• Social class can be both subjective and objective grow up in one culture but they retain influences on their identity from t
,-
Introduction Reasons for family divers
A family is a married, civil partnership or cohabiting couple with or without children. Can also be a lone parent, with at least one child who live at the same address. Children may be dependent on
non-dependent. Social and Cultural changes
A household is one person living alone, or a group of people (not necessarily related) living at the same address who share cooking facilities and share a living room, sitting room or dining area. A
household can consist of a single family, more than one family, or no families in the case of a group of unrelated people.
• Attitudes towards moral
example attitudes towar
• In 2018, there were 19.1 million families in the UK, an increase of 8% from 17.7 million in 2008. marriage, remaining chil
• In 2018, there were 27.6 million households, an increase of 350,000 on the previous year and 1.7 million since 2008.
divorce and separation,
While married couples families remain the most common, cohabiting couples are the fastest growing family type as people increasingly choose to live together before, or without, getting married.
There are also more people living alone than ever before, an increasing number of same-sex couples families and more young adults living with their parent. also lead to changes in
• Marriage rates overall have declined • Giddens “The Transforma
• Cohabitation has increased and since the late 1980s long term cohabitation has increased. By 2019 cohabitating couples families were the second largest family types. love (beneficial). “Pure r
• Between 2009 and 2019, the number of cohabiting couple families with dependent children has increased by more than a 1/4.
-
tradition or commitment
around love and relation
Family types potential explanation for
NUCLEAR FAMILY: A group of people who are united by ties of partnerships and parenthood and consisting of a pair of adults and their socially recognised children. Typically, the adults in a nuclear
• Beck and Beck-Gernshe
family are married.
• In 2006, 2/3 of all the families with dependent children were headed by a married couple. at society and make info
• In 2019, married and civil partner couple families accounted for the largest share of families with dependent children (61.4%) marriage rates. Individu
EXTENDED FAMILY: Extended families consist of several generations of people and can include biological parent and their children as well as in-laws, grandparents, aunts, uncles and cousins. to pursue them. Love ha
• Classic extended families are increasing again. Numbers are set to treble in the next 20 years to around 200,000
MODIFIED EXTENDED FAMILY: Where extended kin live some distance away from each other, but maintain high levels of contact.
past e.g gender roles. Th
• The independent (11/12/05) suggested that there was now an “extended financial family” where 3 generations live together for financial reasons e.g childcare costs, cost of nursing homes and under threat as a result
cost of living crisis. • Fletcher is a Functionali
RECONSTITUTED FAMILY: A family where one or both adults have children from previous relationships join together “step families”
marriage are a major so
• 726,000 children live with step parent (Census 2001)
• As many as 1 in 10 families with dependent children may be reconstitute. been an increasing emph
LONE PARENT FAMILY: ;one parent families refer to families containing only one parent with his or her children. binding contract but as
• 1 in 4 children live in lone parent households (Census 2001)
• 2011- 2 million lone parents compared to 1.7 million in 2001.
SAME SEX FAMILY: A family in which some people are part of the LGBTQIA+ community. This is usually between parents.
• The numbers of same sex couple families have increased substantially in recent years, with an increase of 53.2% from 152,000 in 2015 to 232,000 from 2018.
Reasons for family diversity
Economic changes Families and Households
• Cost of marriage/divorce -
• Cost of living and housing
• Cost of raising children Reasons for family diversity
Legal changes
• Earning power of women
• Divorce reform act (1969): enabled divorce to become easier for unhappy couples to access. This wa
• Loss of ‘breadwinner’ wage meant that an individual did not need grounds, such as adultery or abandonment, in order to get div
• The Divorce, Dissolution and Separation Act: completely ended the need for separating couples to pl
• Adoption Act (2002): allowed unmarried people and same sex couples in England and Wales to adopt
• Civil Partnerships (2004): A civil partnership is a legal relationship entered into by two people which
Religious changes
in a lawful marriage.
• Secularisation (decline in religious belief). The proportion of the British population identifying as • Same sex marriage (2013): Extended marriage to same sex couples in England and Wales.
Christian has fallen from 2/3 to just over 1/3 since 1983. Church attendance has rapidly declined • Family planning act (1967) “introduction of the contraceptive pill: made contraceptive readily availab
population.
Culture key terms Socialisation
Culture is a shared way of life for a group of people. Culture is a very broad concept which encompasses: the norms, values, customs, traditions, habits, skills and knowledge of a group of people. PRIMARY SOCIALISATION
Culture is often a big factor in determining how a person thinks or feels and it often directs their actions, Primary socialisation is where i
NORMS
Norms define appropriate and acceptable behaviour in a given situation. For example, there are norms governing how we are supposed to behave according to our gender- that us rules governing FAMILIES
what counts as masculine and feminine behaviour. There are 4 types of norms
• Imitation: one way in which
• Folkways: Folkways are described as socially approved behaviours that don’t carry any moral significance.
• Mores: Mores are designed as socially approved behaviours that often carry moral significance that ususally stmes from religion.
watch and copy their paren
• Taboo: Taboo is an action or behaviour that is prohibited or restricted by social custom. what to eat, how to control
• Laws: Laws are norms that are actually defined as being either legal or illegal. The government often decide these norms so people can receive formal sanctions for breaking these norms. believe (values).
• Role models: people that ch
VALUE example as children are oft
A value is something that is thought to be worthwhile by the members of that society. It defines what is worth striving for as member of that social group. Example: British values clothes and activities.
• Democracy (Everyone has a vote)
• Sanctions: children learn th
• Rule of Law (A law put in place to ensure everyone is treated the same)
• Individual liberty (Freedom to make our own choices)
incorrect behaviour or rew
• Mutual respect and tolerance (To celebrate diversity and treat everyone how we would like to be treated). emotion due to it being per
• Expectation: parents may h
CUSTOMS education, the activities th
Customs are defined as regular and patterned ways of behaving and are characteristics of a certain culture. Customs are regular traditions that are often accompanied by rituals and/or ceremonies. discourages from playing sp
Example: in the UK we have Bonfire Night on 5th November. from a young age.
STATUS
Sociologists use the term “status” to refer to the position an individual occupies within society (social status). Am individual’s status defines their relationship with other people in society, because
SECONDARY SOCIALISATION
status exist within a hierarchy. Secondary socialisation occurs
• Ascribed status: those in which a person has no choice as either it was assigned at birth or involuntarily later in life. about our culture and identity.
• Achieved status: involves some degree of choice and is either earned, achieved or accomplished as a result of some effort. one of their own family.
ROLE EDUCATION
A role is a set of norms which define appropriate and expected behaviour for those who occupy a particular status. Each status has a set of accompanying roles- the expected behaviour (norm)
• Formal curriculum: the form
associated with a particular social status.
formal programme of speci
promote the educational ac
government think childrren
- -
deliberately taught false “fa
• Hidden curriculum: refers t
!
Social control expected to conform to and
Social control is “the various methods used to persuade or force individuals to conform to the dominant social norms
and values of a society, and to prevent deviance. Examples include: physical violence, economic pressure, social Culture ethic.
acceptance and socialisation. -
DEVIANCE Other examples of secondary socialisation
Deviance is a failure to conform to social norms and behaviour which goes against (breaches) the dominant norms of
the specific society or group in which it occurs. Deviance doesn’t always mean breaking the law. PEER GROUPS
• Early friendship: children tend to join peer groups from the age of 3 or 4 (nursery
SANCTIONS own norms and values from a young age, often through play.
Sanctions: the means whereby a social norm is enforced, either by a positive or negative device and either formally • Peer pressure: the influence of a group or individual on another person to alter the
or informally. Sanctions were designed as a form of social control as a way of encouraging or discouraging certain
deviant behaviour. MEDIA
• Sanctions are positive when they are used to celebrate conformity. • Copycat behaviour: social learning theory (Bandura) suggests that children are part
• Sanctions are negative when they are used to punish or discourage non-conformity (deviance). learned behaviour from the media by copying what they saw on TV.
, Identity
“The distinctive characteristics of a person’s character, or the character of a group which relates to who they are and what is meaningful to
them”
• Primary identity: A sense of self (the qualities, beliefs, personality, looks) expressions that make a person themselves, their perception of
who they are.
• Secondary identity: A person’s sense of who they are based on their group membership e.g social class, gender, nationality, ethnicity.
GENDER
Differences between sex and gender: sex refers to the biological differences between males and females while gender refers to cultural
expectations associated with “femininity” and “masculinity”.
Gender role socialisation is the process in which expectations concerning appropriate behaviours for males and females are transmitted in
society. Ann Oakley (feminist sociologist) describes how gender role socialisation occur through 4 processes.
• Manipulation: describes as parents influencing their children by either encouraging or discouraging certain behaviours in their children on
the basis of their own consideration of good and bad for a male or female child.
• Canalisation: describes how children are persuaded to show more interest to certain toys, for example, girls are often encouraged to play
with dolls while boys often encouraged to play with trucks or cars.
• Verbal appellation: refers to parents use of language for example girls will be called “angels” and “princesses” whereas boys are often
“little monsters” or other aggressive names. Can also be seen in clothing.
• Different activities: describes how gender determines what activities are appropriate for children, for example girls are often encouraged
to participate in indoor activities which are often ‘domestic’ in nature while boys are encouraged to participant in more outdoor activities
e.g football.
Social class
Identity
Social class refers to divisions in society based on economic and social status. People in the same social class typically share a
similar level of wealth, educational achievement, type of job and income. The classic formation of social class in Britain is to Ethnicity
see Britain as being divided into 3 classes: working, middle and upper class. Ethnicity defines the cultural traits that society thinks are important (soc
• Working class: Those individuals engaged in manual work, often having low levels of educational achievement. The
national, tribal, religious, linguistic or cultural origin or background,
traditional working class job included heavy labouring and factory based work.
Race is defined as “a category of humankind that shares certain distinctiv
• Middle class: Those individuals engaged in non-manual work often having higher levels of educational achievement. Classic
characteristics e.g skin colour. However, race is still a social construct as
middle class jobs include everything from doctors and lawyers to clerical workers.
identity.
• Upper class: The elite class that controls the majority of wealth and power in British society.
Hybrid identities
Measuring social class Hybridisation: someone’s sense of who they are is a mixture of two or mo
• Social class can be both subjective and objective grow up in one culture but they retain influences on their identity from t
,-
Introduction Reasons for family divers
A family is a married, civil partnership or cohabiting couple with or without children. Can also be a lone parent, with at least one child who live at the same address. Children may be dependent on
non-dependent. Social and Cultural changes
A household is one person living alone, or a group of people (not necessarily related) living at the same address who share cooking facilities and share a living room, sitting room or dining area. A
household can consist of a single family, more than one family, or no families in the case of a group of unrelated people.
• Attitudes towards moral
example attitudes towar
• In 2018, there were 19.1 million families in the UK, an increase of 8% from 17.7 million in 2008. marriage, remaining chil
• In 2018, there were 27.6 million households, an increase of 350,000 on the previous year and 1.7 million since 2008.
divorce and separation,
While married couples families remain the most common, cohabiting couples are the fastest growing family type as people increasingly choose to live together before, or without, getting married.
There are also more people living alone than ever before, an increasing number of same-sex couples families and more young adults living with their parent. also lead to changes in
• Marriage rates overall have declined • Giddens “The Transforma
• Cohabitation has increased and since the late 1980s long term cohabitation has increased. By 2019 cohabitating couples families were the second largest family types. love (beneficial). “Pure r
• Between 2009 and 2019, the number of cohabiting couple families with dependent children has increased by more than a 1/4.
-
tradition or commitment
around love and relation
Family types potential explanation for
NUCLEAR FAMILY: A group of people who are united by ties of partnerships and parenthood and consisting of a pair of adults and their socially recognised children. Typically, the adults in a nuclear
• Beck and Beck-Gernshe
family are married.
• In 2006, 2/3 of all the families with dependent children were headed by a married couple. at society and make info
• In 2019, married and civil partner couple families accounted for the largest share of families with dependent children (61.4%) marriage rates. Individu
EXTENDED FAMILY: Extended families consist of several generations of people and can include biological parent and their children as well as in-laws, grandparents, aunts, uncles and cousins. to pursue them. Love ha
• Classic extended families are increasing again. Numbers are set to treble in the next 20 years to around 200,000
MODIFIED EXTENDED FAMILY: Where extended kin live some distance away from each other, but maintain high levels of contact.
past e.g gender roles. Th
• The independent (11/12/05) suggested that there was now an “extended financial family” where 3 generations live together for financial reasons e.g childcare costs, cost of nursing homes and under threat as a result
cost of living crisis. • Fletcher is a Functionali
RECONSTITUTED FAMILY: A family where one or both adults have children from previous relationships join together “step families”
marriage are a major so
• 726,000 children live with step parent (Census 2001)
• As many as 1 in 10 families with dependent children may be reconstitute. been an increasing emph
LONE PARENT FAMILY: ;one parent families refer to families containing only one parent with his or her children. binding contract but as
• 1 in 4 children live in lone parent households (Census 2001)
• 2011- 2 million lone parents compared to 1.7 million in 2001.
SAME SEX FAMILY: A family in which some people are part of the LGBTQIA+ community. This is usually between parents.
• The numbers of same sex couple families have increased substantially in recent years, with an increase of 53.2% from 152,000 in 2015 to 232,000 from 2018.
Reasons for family diversity
Economic changes Families and Households
• Cost of marriage/divorce -
• Cost of living and housing
• Cost of raising children Reasons for family diversity
Legal changes
• Earning power of women
• Divorce reform act (1969): enabled divorce to become easier for unhappy couples to access. This wa
• Loss of ‘breadwinner’ wage meant that an individual did not need grounds, such as adultery or abandonment, in order to get div
• The Divorce, Dissolution and Separation Act: completely ended the need for separating couples to pl
• Adoption Act (2002): allowed unmarried people and same sex couples in England and Wales to adopt
• Civil Partnerships (2004): A civil partnership is a legal relationship entered into by two people which
Religious changes
in a lawful marriage.
• Secularisation (decline in religious belief). The proportion of the British population identifying as • Same sex marriage (2013): Extended marriage to same sex couples in England and Wales.
Christian has fallen from 2/3 to just over 1/3 since 1983. Church attendance has rapidly declined • Family planning act (1967) “introduction of the contraceptive pill: made contraceptive readily availab
population.
