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Correct
What is cataracts?
opacity (clouding) of the lens
Cataracts patho
Altered metabolic processes within the lens cause an accumulation of water and changes in the
lens fiber structure. These changes affect lens transparency, causing vision changes.
Cataracts manifestations
- decreased vision
- abnormal color perception
- glare (worse at night when pupil dilates)
cataracts nonsurgical therapy
- Change in glasses prescription
- Strong reading glasses or magnifiers
- Increased lighting
- Lifestyle adjustment
cataracts diagnostic tests
- History and physical assessment
- Visual acuity measurement
- Ophthalmoscopy
- Slit lamp microscopy
- Glare testing, potential acuity testing in select patients
- Keratometry and A-scan ultrasound (if surgery is planned)
cataracts pre-op care: Mydriatic drops
,Dilate pupils (mydriasis)
Work by contracting the iris dilator muscle
cataracts pre-op care: Cycloplegic drops
- Anticholinergic
- Block acetylcholine in eye muscles
- Causes paralysis of accommodation (cycloplegia)
cataracts pre-op care: NSAIDs drops
Reduce inflammation and edema
cataracts pre-op care: Antianxiety meds
Given to help patient relax before surgery
Phacoemulsification
- A thin ultrasound probe is inserted into the eye
- Ultrasonic vibrations break up the cloudy lens into tiny pieces
- Lens fragments are suctioned out through the same probe
- Small incisions are usually self-sealing (no stitches needed)
- Intraocular lens (IOL) implantation after removal
Extracapsular cataract extraction
- Used for advanced cataracts, when the lens is too dense to dissolve into fragments
- larger incision, entire cataract removed
- Sutures are needed
- Longer recovery
- Intraocular lens (IOL) implantation after removal
Cataract Post-Op Care
- Discharged after sedation wears off
- Postoperative medications: antibiotic drops (prevent infection), corticosteroids drops (reduce
, inflammation)
- Activity restrictions: avoid IOP such as bending, stooping, coughing, lifting
- Nighttime shielding
- Follow-up for visual acuity; may or may not need glasses/lenses
- May need decreased lighting for photophobia
Diabetic Retinopathy: Nonproliferative
loss of central vision
Diabetic Retinopathy: Proliferative
Advanced disease; severe vision loss
laser photocoagulation
use of a laser beam to seal leaking or hemorrhaging retinal blood vessels to treat diabetic
retinopathy
Hypertensive retinopathy
- Caused by blockages in retinal blood vessels from hypertension
- Treatment: lower BP to restore vision
rhegmatogenous retina detachment
- Separation of the sensory retina from the pigment epithelium
- Fluid accumulates between the two layers
- It's a medical emergency ⚠️
Without quick treatment:
- More of the retina may detach
- Risk of permanent vision loss or blindness increases
Nonrhegmatogenous retina detachment: Tractional
Correct
What is cataracts?
opacity (clouding) of the lens
Cataracts patho
Altered metabolic processes within the lens cause an accumulation of water and changes in the
lens fiber structure. These changes affect lens transparency, causing vision changes.
Cataracts manifestations
- decreased vision
- abnormal color perception
- glare (worse at night when pupil dilates)
cataracts nonsurgical therapy
- Change in glasses prescription
- Strong reading glasses or magnifiers
- Increased lighting
- Lifestyle adjustment
cataracts diagnostic tests
- History and physical assessment
- Visual acuity measurement
- Ophthalmoscopy
- Slit lamp microscopy
- Glare testing, potential acuity testing in select patients
- Keratometry and A-scan ultrasound (if surgery is planned)
cataracts pre-op care: Mydriatic drops
,Dilate pupils (mydriasis)
Work by contracting the iris dilator muscle
cataracts pre-op care: Cycloplegic drops
- Anticholinergic
- Block acetylcholine in eye muscles
- Causes paralysis of accommodation (cycloplegia)
cataracts pre-op care: NSAIDs drops
Reduce inflammation and edema
cataracts pre-op care: Antianxiety meds
Given to help patient relax before surgery
Phacoemulsification
- A thin ultrasound probe is inserted into the eye
- Ultrasonic vibrations break up the cloudy lens into tiny pieces
- Lens fragments are suctioned out through the same probe
- Small incisions are usually self-sealing (no stitches needed)
- Intraocular lens (IOL) implantation after removal
Extracapsular cataract extraction
- Used for advanced cataracts, when the lens is too dense to dissolve into fragments
- larger incision, entire cataract removed
- Sutures are needed
- Longer recovery
- Intraocular lens (IOL) implantation after removal
Cataract Post-Op Care
- Discharged after sedation wears off
- Postoperative medications: antibiotic drops (prevent infection), corticosteroids drops (reduce
, inflammation)
- Activity restrictions: avoid IOP such as bending, stooping, coughing, lifting
- Nighttime shielding
- Follow-up for visual acuity; may or may not need glasses/lenses
- May need decreased lighting for photophobia
Diabetic Retinopathy: Nonproliferative
loss of central vision
Diabetic Retinopathy: Proliferative
Advanced disease; severe vision loss
laser photocoagulation
use of a laser beam to seal leaking or hemorrhaging retinal blood vessels to treat diabetic
retinopathy
Hypertensive retinopathy
- Caused by blockages in retinal blood vessels from hypertension
- Treatment: lower BP to restore vision
rhegmatogenous retina detachment
- Separation of the sensory retina from the pigment epithelium
- Fluid accumulates between the two layers
- It's a medical emergency ⚠️
Without quick treatment:
- More of the retina may detach
- Risk of permanent vision loss or blindness increases
Nonrhegmatogenous retina detachment: Tractional
