BIOD 101 Module 1
3 types of protein fibers that make up the cytoskeleton - ANS - microtubules,
microfilaments, intermediate filaments
\7 functions of proteins - ANS - act as enzymes and regulate metabolic functions,
store amino acids, act as hormones, form antibodies for immunological defense, act as
carriers for transport and also from membrane channels, form cell surface receptors to
receive chemical messages, and act as structural molecules for support and movement
\Active Transport - ANS - Occurs when an input of energy is required to move
substances through the membrane. Includes the sodium-potassium pump
\Anions - ANS - Negatively charged ions
\Cations - ANS - Positively charged ions
\Covalent bond - ANS - Occurs when electrons are shared by two atoms to create the
valence shells of both
\Describe the structure of a phospholipid - ANS - They contain two main components:
a polar head joined to a non-polar tail. The head group is attracted to polar substances
and is hydrophilic. The tail group repels water and is hydrophobic.
\Describe the structure of DNA and RNA - ANS - both exist as a chain of nucleotides
where the sugar of one nucleotide is linked to the phosphate of the next, while the
nitrogenous base protrudes from each sugar in the string. The former forms a double
chain held together by hydrogen bonds while the latter is a single chain of nucleotides
\Desmosomes - ANS - Lock together along longitudinal edge of ell, allowing many
cells to link together and form sheets
\Endoplasmic Reticulum - ANS - Modifies and transports proteins
\Eukaryotic cells - ANS - More complex and composes most organisms. Much larger,
posess a nuclear membrane, and contain membrane-bound organelles
\Explain the difference between essential and trace elements. - ANS - Essential
elements are required for human life. Trace elements are required only in small
quantities.
\Gap junctions - ANS - Tiny pores that allow for passage of sugars, ions, and amino
acids to flow from cell to cell
\Golgi apparatus - ANS - Distribution center of the cell
\How does the shape of a protein relate to its function - ANS - they can be assembled
into a variety of shapes so they can serve a variety of functions. Some make necessary
3 types of protein fibers that make up the cytoskeleton - ANS - microtubules,
microfilaments, intermediate filaments
\7 functions of proteins - ANS - act as enzymes and regulate metabolic functions,
store amino acids, act as hormones, form antibodies for immunological defense, act as
carriers for transport and also from membrane channels, form cell surface receptors to
receive chemical messages, and act as structural molecules for support and movement
\Active Transport - ANS - Occurs when an input of energy is required to move
substances through the membrane. Includes the sodium-potassium pump
\Anions - ANS - Negatively charged ions
\Cations - ANS - Positively charged ions
\Covalent bond - ANS - Occurs when electrons are shared by two atoms to create the
valence shells of both
\Describe the structure of a phospholipid - ANS - They contain two main components:
a polar head joined to a non-polar tail. The head group is attracted to polar substances
and is hydrophilic. The tail group repels water and is hydrophobic.
\Describe the structure of DNA and RNA - ANS - both exist as a chain of nucleotides
where the sugar of one nucleotide is linked to the phosphate of the next, while the
nitrogenous base protrudes from each sugar in the string. The former forms a double
chain held together by hydrogen bonds while the latter is a single chain of nucleotides
\Desmosomes - ANS - Lock together along longitudinal edge of ell, allowing many
cells to link together and form sheets
\Endoplasmic Reticulum - ANS - Modifies and transports proteins
\Eukaryotic cells - ANS - More complex and composes most organisms. Much larger,
posess a nuclear membrane, and contain membrane-bound organelles
\Explain the difference between essential and trace elements. - ANS - Essential
elements are required for human life. Trace elements are required only in small
quantities.
\Gap junctions - ANS - Tiny pores that allow for passage of sugars, ions, and amino
acids to flow from cell to cell
\Golgi apparatus - ANS - Distribution center of the cell
\How does the shape of a protein relate to its function - ANS - they can be assembled
into a variety of shapes so they can serve a variety of functions. Some make necessary
