PRINCIPLES OF HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY EXAM
LATEST VERSION WITH VERIFIED
SOLUTIONS/FROM A VERIFIED SOURCE
ALREADY A+ GRADE
What are the two biggest nitrogen waste products? - ANSWER-Urea and Creatinine
Where is Urea produced? - ANSWER-The liver produces urea when protein is used as
a fuel source
Where does Creatinine come from? - ANSWER-Creatinine comes from the break down
of creatine phosphate in the muscles
How much creatine phosphate breaks down per day? - ANSWER-1%
,How are urea and creatinine excreted from the body? - ANSWER-urination
What is high levels of nitrogen or urea in the bloodstream called? - ANSWER-Uremia
What are the three parts of the kidney's? - ANSWER-renal pelvis, renal medulla, renal
cortex
What is the average urine production rate? - ANSWER-1 mL/min
What is B.U.N? - ANSWER-Blood Urea Nitrogen
What is the average amount of BUN in the body? - ANSWER-15 mg/dL
What is the average amount of creatinine in the body? - ANSWER-1 mg/dL
Three causes to post-renal failure? - ANSWER-1. Kidney stones
2. fetus during pregnancy
3. Men: Prostate hypertrophy
,How can kidney stones cause post- renal failure? - ANSWER-Kidney stones come from
the kidneys. They are a calcium build up. They can get stuck in the ureter or urethra.
This would then block the flow of urine( creatinine + urea) out of the body. There would
be a rise of BUN and creatinine and this build up can cause renal failure.
How can a fetus in a pregnant woman cause post-renal failure? - ANSWER-The fetus
can actually block the ureter by being on top of it. The fetus will then slow down the
excretion of urea and creatinine thus causing a rise in both and renal failure to happen.
How does prostate hypertrophy in men cause post-renal failure? - ANSWER-The
prostate in men become hypertrophy, which means that it starts to become smaller and
clamps down on the urethra. This makes it so not as much urine can be excreted. With
not as much urine being excreted higher levels of urea and creatinine are present which
can cause issues. This is known as post renal uremia.
What is a symptom of prostate hypertrophy? - ANSWER-nocturnal diuresis
What is nocturnal diuresis? - ANSWER-When men have to urinate more often due to
prostate hypertrophy because they cannot empty their bladder enough
What can happen if urine cannot be excreted? - ANSWER-Urinary tract infections can
happen
, How can urinary tract infections be treated? - ANSWER-They can be treated surgically
or through balloon catheters and drugs.
How can you treat a kidney stone? - ANSWER-Many people with kidney stones are
told to drink lots of water to flush the stone out and are given narcotics. They can also
be surgically removed.
How much blood flows into the kidneys and what is this called? - ANSWER-1 liter of
blood per minute flows into the kidneys and this is called the renal blood flow.
What brings blood into the kidneys? - ANSWER-The renal artery.
What brings blood from the kidneys back up to the heart? - ANSWER-The renal vein
attached to the inferior vena cava brings blood back to the heart.
When blood enters the kidneys by the renal artery where does it go? - ANSWER-It
goes into the arcuate artery which is located between the renal cortex and the renal
medulla.
LATEST VERSION WITH VERIFIED
SOLUTIONS/FROM A VERIFIED SOURCE
ALREADY A+ GRADE
What are the two biggest nitrogen waste products? - ANSWER-Urea and Creatinine
Where is Urea produced? - ANSWER-The liver produces urea when protein is used as
a fuel source
Where does Creatinine come from? - ANSWER-Creatinine comes from the break down
of creatine phosphate in the muscles
How much creatine phosphate breaks down per day? - ANSWER-1%
,How are urea and creatinine excreted from the body? - ANSWER-urination
What is high levels of nitrogen or urea in the bloodstream called? - ANSWER-Uremia
What are the three parts of the kidney's? - ANSWER-renal pelvis, renal medulla, renal
cortex
What is the average urine production rate? - ANSWER-1 mL/min
What is B.U.N? - ANSWER-Blood Urea Nitrogen
What is the average amount of BUN in the body? - ANSWER-15 mg/dL
What is the average amount of creatinine in the body? - ANSWER-1 mg/dL
Three causes to post-renal failure? - ANSWER-1. Kidney stones
2. fetus during pregnancy
3. Men: Prostate hypertrophy
,How can kidney stones cause post- renal failure? - ANSWER-Kidney stones come from
the kidneys. They are a calcium build up. They can get stuck in the ureter or urethra.
This would then block the flow of urine( creatinine + urea) out of the body. There would
be a rise of BUN and creatinine and this build up can cause renal failure.
How can a fetus in a pregnant woman cause post-renal failure? - ANSWER-The fetus
can actually block the ureter by being on top of it. The fetus will then slow down the
excretion of urea and creatinine thus causing a rise in both and renal failure to happen.
How does prostate hypertrophy in men cause post-renal failure? - ANSWER-The
prostate in men become hypertrophy, which means that it starts to become smaller and
clamps down on the urethra. This makes it so not as much urine can be excreted. With
not as much urine being excreted higher levels of urea and creatinine are present which
can cause issues. This is known as post renal uremia.
What is a symptom of prostate hypertrophy? - ANSWER-nocturnal diuresis
What is nocturnal diuresis? - ANSWER-When men have to urinate more often due to
prostate hypertrophy because they cannot empty their bladder enough
What can happen if urine cannot be excreted? - ANSWER-Urinary tract infections can
happen
, How can urinary tract infections be treated? - ANSWER-They can be treated surgically
or through balloon catheters and drugs.
How can you treat a kidney stone? - ANSWER-Many people with kidney stones are
told to drink lots of water to flush the stone out and are given narcotics. They can also
be surgically removed.
How much blood flows into the kidneys and what is this called? - ANSWER-1 liter of
blood per minute flows into the kidneys and this is called the renal blood flow.
What brings blood into the kidneys? - ANSWER-The renal artery.
What brings blood from the kidneys back up to the heart? - ANSWER-The renal vein
attached to the inferior vena cava brings blood back to the heart.
When blood enters the kidneys by the renal artery where does it go? - ANSWER-It
goes into the arcuate artery which is located between the renal cortex and the renal
medulla.
