PHARMACOLOGY FINAL EXAM 2024-
2025 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS ||AREADY GRADED A++
Pharmacology - CORRECT ANSWERS - the study of drugs
-Toxicology (study of environmental toxins)
-therapeutics: 2 subtypes--> (use a drug to treat a disease)
1. pharmacodynamics (what a drug does to the body)
2. pharmacokinetics (what the body does to a drug, absorb, distribute etc)
what is a drug - CORRECT ANSWERS - any chemical that changes the
processes of living
Drug Nomenclature - CORRECT ANSWERS - Chemical name: N-Acetyl-p-
aminophenol (development stage)
Generic Name: Acetominophen (easier to pronounce and remember) *only 1
generic name. They all have the same suffix.
Trade name: Tylenol (can be numerous trade names)
Drug Resources - CORRECT ANSWERS - 1. physicians desk reference (PDR)
,2. Nursing drug guides (mosby's' et al.)
3. Online resources (epocrates.com)
What is a receptor? 5 components - CORRECT ANSWERS - 1. some
component on or inside a cell that substances can bind
2. Most drugs and endogenous substances bind receptors
3. Most protein based
4. Lock and key (structurally match up to receptor)
5. Receptor Subtypes (ex: ACH-nicotinic receptor: recognizes both autonomic
ganglion and skeletal muscle, but can make one that only recognizes on area)
Types of Receptors - CORRECT ANSWERS - 1. Receptors located on the cell
surface
2. Intracellular Receptors
-Cytosolic receptors
-Nuclear receptors
Why have receptors on the cell surface? - CORRECT ANSWERS - Majority of
hormones are not have able to cross the membrane through diffusion, so they
have to bind to a receptor on the surface to get into the cell.
They are not lipid soluble.
,most hormones and neurostransmitters are lipid INSOLUBLE, so they need
receptors to bring them into the cell.
Receptors on the cell surface
Communication of hormones and receptors. - CORRECT ANSWERS - 1.
Receptors are linked to ion channels. They control the opening of it. (Ex:
acetylcholine is able to get Na+ into the cell by initiating opening of ion
channels when it binds)
2. receptors linked to enzymes (ex: insulin or GH, bind to receptor on surface
and causes the enzymatic portion to produce changes within the cell. *Picture
^)
3. Receptors linked to second messengers
(Both use G proteins: Adenylate Cyclase System, IP3 system)
Second Messenger System
Adenylate Cyclase steps - CORRECT ANSWERS - 1. hormone binds to the
specific receptor (1st messenger) *The receptor must be COUPLED to the G
protein to work.
2. Causes GTP to bind to protien
3. Causes G protein to move away from receptor through the membrane until
it encounters an enzyme
4. the enzyme is adylte. cyclase
5. ad cly. takesATP and convert it to cyclic ATP
6 .CYClic ATP is our second messenger.
, 7. Cyclic ATP activates an enzyme and triggers responses of the target cell.
Second messenger system
Phospholipase C Mechanism (IP3 system) Steps - CORRECT ANSWERS - 1.
hormone binds to receptor
2. receptor coupled to g protein
3. G protein moves away from receptor into the membrane
4. moves through membrane and encounters enzyme phospholipase C
5. Phospholipase C causes the production of 2 products (BAG and IP3)
6. It allows the signals to become amplified.
Ex: Every step of the way the response gets bigger. 2 --> 4 --> 8 -->16
Intracellular Receptors (2)
LIPID SOLUBLE substances - CORRECT ANSWERS - 1. Cytosolic (cytoplasm)
ex: thyroid hormone
2. Nuclear (goes into nucleus)
Non receptor mechanisms - CORRECT ANSWERS - - Nitrates- reduced to NO,
bind guanylate cyclase
Ex: vasodilators
-Some chemotherapeutic agents become incorporated into cellular
components and block metabolic reactions
2025 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS ||AREADY GRADED A++
Pharmacology - CORRECT ANSWERS - the study of drugs
-Toxicology (study of environmental toxins)
-therapeutics: 2 subtypes--> (use a drug to treat a disease)
1. pharmacodynamics (what a drug does to the body)
2. pharmacokinetics (what the body does to a drug, absorb, distribute etc)
what is a drug - CORRECT ANSWERS - any chemical that changes the
processes of living
Drug Nomenclature - CORRECT ANSWERS - Chemical name: N-Acetyl-p-
aminophenol (development stage)
Generic Name: Acetominophen (easier to pronounce and remember) *only 1
generic name. They all have the same suffix.
Trade name: Tylenol (can be numerous trade names)
Drug Resources - CORRECT ANSWERS - 1. physicians desk reference (PDR)
,2. Nursing drug guides (mosby's' et al.)
3. Online resources (epocrates.com)
What is a receptor? 5 components - CORRECT ANSWERS - 1. some
component on or inside a cell that substances can bind
2. Most drugs and endogenous substances bind receptors
3. Most protein based
4. Lock and key (structurally match up to receptor)
5. Receptor Subtypes (ex: ACH-nicotinic receptor: recognizes both autonomic
ganglion and skeletal muscle, but can make one that only recognizes on area)
Types of Receptors - CORRECT ANSWERS - 1. Receptors located on the cell
surface
2. Intracellular Receptors
-Cytosolic receptors
-Nuclear receptors
Why have receptors on the cell surface? - CORRECT ANSWERS - Majority of
hormones are not have able to cross the membrane through diffusion, so they
have to bind to a receptor on the surface to get into the cell.
They are not lipid soluble.
,most hormones and neurostransmitters are lipid INSOLUBLE, so they need
receptors to bring them into the cell.
Receptors on the cell surface
Communication of hormones and receptors. - CORRECT ANSWERS - 1.
Receptors are linked to ion channels. They control the opening of it. (Ex:
acetylcholine is able to get Na+ into the cell by initiating opening of ion
channels when it binds)
2. receptors linked to enzymes (ex: insulin or GH, bind to receptor on surface
and causes the enzymatic portion to produce changes within the cell. *Picture
^)
3. Receptors linked to second messengers
(Both use G proteins: Adenylate Cyclase System, IP3 system)
Second Messenger System
Adenylate Cyclase steps - CORRECT ANSWERS - 1. hormone binds to the
specific receptor (1st messenger) *The receptor must be COUPLED to the G
protein to work.
2. Causes GTP to bind to protien
3. Causes G protein to move away from receptor through the membrane until
it encounters an enzyme
4. the enzyme is adylte. cyclase
5. ad cly. takesATP and convert it to cyclic ATP
6 .CYClic ATP is our second messenger.
, 7. Cyclic ATP activates an enzyme and triggers responses of the target cell.
Second messenger system
Phospholipase C Mechanism (IP3 system) Steps - CORRECT ANSWERS - 1.
hormone binds to receptor
2. receptor coupled to g protein
3. G protein moves away from receptor into the membrane
4. moves through membrane and encounters enzyme phospholipase C
5. Phospholipase C causes the production of 2 products (BAG and IP3)
6. It allows the signals to become amplified.
Ex: Every step of the way the response gets bigger. 2 --> 4 --> 8 -->16
Intracellular Receptors (2)
LIPID SOLUBLE substances - CORRECT ANSWERS - 1. Cytosolic (cytoplasm)
ex: thyroid hormone
2. Nuclear (goes into nucleus)
Non receptor mechanisms - CORRECT ANSWERS - - Nitrates- reduced to NO,
bind guanylate cyclase
Ex: vasodilators
-Some chemotherapeutic agents become incorporated into cellular
components and block metabolic reactions
