maryville patho 611 exam 4 with correct
answers
Urinary tract infection in older adults - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔2. Confusion
and poorly localized abdominal discomfort
2. difficult diagnose due to vague symptoms
Acute unilateral renal obstruction and hypertension. - CORRECT ANSWERS
✔✔1. Reduced perfusion activates RAAS
2. Leads to constriction of peripheral arterioles
kidneys receive ___________________cardiac output - CORRECT ANSWERS
✔✔20-25% or or 1000 to 1200ml per minute
Most common type of renal stone - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Calcium oxalate
Kidney stone refers pain - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔1. Umbilicus if high in
the urethra (sensory innervation of the upper part of the ureter arising from
the 10th thoracic nerve root)
2. Abdomen or groin if low in the urethra
Painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis (PBS/IC) - CORRECT ANSWERS
✔✔1. condition that includes non-bacterial infectious cystitis (viral,
mycobacterial, chlamydial, fungal)
,2. noninfectious cystitis (radiation, chemical, autoimmune, hypersensitivity)
Cause of PBS/IC - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔1. Unknown
2. autoimmune reaction may be responsible for the inflammatory response,
which includes
mast cell activation,
altered epithelial permeability,
neuro-inflammation,
increased sensory nerve sensitivity
Pyelonephritis - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔infection of one or both upper
urinary tracts (ureter, renal pelvis, and kidney interstitium).
Pyelonephritis: the most common underlying risk factors - CORRECT
ANSWERS ✔✔1. Urinary obstruction
2. reflux of urine from the bladder (vesicoureteral reflux)
3. Pregnancy
4. neurogenic bladder
5. instrumentation: catheters, endoscopy
6. female sexual trauma
Microorganisms usually associated with acute pyelonephritis - CORRECT
ANSWERS ✔✔1. E. coli
2. Proteus, or
,3. Pseudomonas.
These microorganisms also split urea into ammonia, making alkaline urine
that increases the risk of stone formation.
specific diagnosis: cystitis vs pyelonephritis - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔1.
Difficult to do by clinical manifestations alone
2. urine culture,
3. urinalysis, and
4. clinical signs and symptoms
pyelonephritis UA lab finding - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔White blood cell
casts, but they are not always present in the urine.
Reduced GFR during glomerular disease - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔1.
elevated plasma urea,
2. creatinine concentration, or
3. reduced renal creatinine clearance.
Acute glomerulonephritis - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔includes renal diseases
in which glomerular inflammation is caused by immune mechanisms that
damage the glomerular capillary filtration membrane including the
endothelium, basement membrane, and epithelium (podocytes)
Acute glomerulonephritis: classic symptoms - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔1.
sudden onset of hematuria including red blood cell casts and
, 2. proteinuria (milder than nephrotic syndrome),
Acute glomerulonephritis: severe symptoms - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔1.
Hematuria
2. protienuria
3. Edema
4. HTN
5. Impaired renal function
Nephrotic syndrome - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔1. excretion of 3.0 g or more
of protein (massive proteinuria) in the urine per day,
2. hypoalbuminemia (less than 3.0 g/dl), and
3. peripheral edema
Nephrotic syndrome is characteristic of - CORRECT ANSWERS
✔✔Glomerular injury
Primary causes of nephrotic syndrome - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔1. minimal
change disease (lipoid nephrosis),
2. membranous glomerulonephritis, and
3. focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
(see Table 38-7).
answers
Urinary tract infection in older adults - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔2. Confusion
and poorly localized abdominal discomfort
2. difficult diagnose due to vague symptoms
Acute unilateral renal obstruction and hypertension. - CORRECT ANSWERS
✔✔1. Reduced perfusion activates RAAS
2. Leads to constriction of peripheral arterioles
kidneys receive ___________________cardiac output - CORRECT ANSWERS
✔✔20-25% or or 1000 to 1200ml per minute
Most common type of renal stone - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Calcium oxalate
Kidney stone refers pain - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔1. Umbilicus if high in
the urethra (sensory innervation of the upper part of the ureter arising from
the 10th thoracic nerve root)
2. Abdomen or groin if low in the urethra
Painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis (PBS/IC) - CORRECT ANSWERS
✔✔1. condition that includes non-bacterial infectious cystitis (viral,
mycobacterial, chlamydial, fungal)
,2. noninfectious cystitis (radiation, chemical, autoimmune, hypersensitivity)
Cause of PBS/IC - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔1. Unknown
2. autoimmune reaction may be responsible for the inflammatory response,
which includes
mast cell activation,
altered epithelial permeability,
neuro-inflammation,
increased sensory nerve sensitivity
Pyelonephritis - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔infection of one or both upper
urinary tracts (ureter, renal pelvis, and kidney interstitium).
Pyelonephritis: the most common underlying risk factors - CORRECT
ANSWERS ✔✔1. Urinary obstruction
2. reflux of urine from the bladder (vesicoureteral reflux)
3. Pregnancy
4. neurogenic bladder
5. instrumentation: catheters, endoscopy
6. female sexual trauma
Microorganisms usually associated with acute pyelonephritis - CORRECT
ANSWERS ✔✔1. E. coli
2. Proteus, or
,3. Pseudomonas.
These microorganisms also split urea into ammonia, making alkaline urine
that increases the risk of stone formation.
specific diagnosis: cystitis vs pyelonephritis - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔1.
Difficult to do by clinical manifestations alone
2. urine culture,
3. urinalysis, and
4. clinical signs and symptoms
pyelonephritis UA lab finding - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔White blood cell
casts, but they are not always present in the urine.
Reduced GFR during glomerular disease - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔1.
elevated plasma urea,
2. creatinine concentration, or
3. reduced renal creatinine clearance.
Acute glomerulonephritis - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔includes renal diseases
in which glomerular inflammation is caused by immune mechanisms that
damage the glomerular capillary filtration membrane including the
endothelium, basement membrane, and epithelium (podocytes)
Acute glomerulonephritis: classic symptoms - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔1.
sudden onset of hematuria including red blood cell casts and
, 2. proteinuria (milder than nephrotic syndrome),
Acute glomerulonephritis: severe symptoms - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔1.
Hematuria
2. protienuria
3. Edema
4. HTN
5. Impaired renal function
Nephrotic syndrome - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔1. excretion of 3.0 g or more
of protein (massive proteinuria) in the urine per day,
2. hypoalbuminemia (less than 3.0 g/dl), and
3. peripheral edema
Nephrotic syndrome is characteristic of - CORRECT ANSWERS
✔✔Glomerular injury
Primary causes of nephrotic syndrome - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔1. minimal
change disease (lipoid nephrosis),
2. membranous glomerulonephritis, and
3. focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
(see Table 38-7).
